A government document that certifies the nationality and identity of its citizens and requests protection and assistance from a foreign government. It is a universal identification document that is accepted internationally, and is also called a passport. When traveling abroad, a passport is required along with a visa for the destination. In Japan, passports are issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and there are four types: ordinary passports, official passports, diplomatic passports, and emergency passports. Ordinary passports are valid for 5 years (dark blue) or 10 years (red), but minors can only have a 5-year passport. It is a multiple passport that allows you to enter and exit the country as many times as you like within the validity period. Before the amendment of the Passport Law (Law No. 267 of 1951) in 1989, you could also apply for a single passport, which could only be used once, but this is no longer used (the system under the Passport Law remains). If the remaining validity period falls below a certain period (3 to 6 months), you will not be able to enter or exit many countries, such as China, Korea, and Indonesia. Based on the Refugee Convention and Refugee Protocol, there is also a refugee travel document (issued by the Ministry of Justice) issued to refugees. The size of the passport was changed to B7 size in 1992 in accordance with ISO standards, following a recommendation from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Since 2006, e-passports have been issued with an IC chip containing electronic data such as the name, date of birth, signature of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and a photograph. Applications are made at prefectural offices along with a certified copy (extract) of the family register, a certificate of residence, a photograph, and a driver's license that can verify identity. The issuance fee is 16,000 yen for a 10-year validity, 11,000 yen for a 5-year validity for those aged 12 or older, and 6,000 yen for a 5-year validity for those under 12. As of 2020, there are approximately 27.71 million valid passports in Japan. As of 2021, Japanese passports are number one in the world, with 191 countries covered by the passport index, which indicates the number of countries that can be traveled to without a visa. Passports appeared in the Amarna Letters from the 14th century BC, and the Roman Empire established habeas corpus for travelers. In the 18th century, Europe adopted a system of presenting a passport when crossing borders in peacetime. In 1985, the Schengen Agreement (regulations) was concluded, allowing free travel between the then EC (now EU) member states and neighboring countries (Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, etc.) without a passport or inspection. In Japan, the Edo Shogunate issued the first identification card slightly larger than A4 size in 1866 (Keio 2), and it was legally established in the Overseas Passport Regulations of 1878 (Meiji 11). The Passport Act (Act No. 267 of 1951), which is the basis for the law, has been revised many times due to globalization and technological innovation. [Takeshi Yano June 21, 2021] [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
政府が、自国民の国籍や身分を証明し、外国政府に保護と扶助を要請する公文書。国際的に通用する世界共通の身分証明書で、パスポートともよばれる。海外渡航の際に、渡航先の査証(ビザ)とともに旅券が必要である。日本では外務省が発行し、一般旅券、公用旅券、外交旅券、緊急旅券の4種類がある。一般旅券の有効期間は5年(紺色)と10年(赤色)から選択できるが、未成年者は5年のみ。期限内であれば何度でも出入国できる数次往復旅券(マルティプル旅券)である。1989年(平成1)の旅券法(昭和26年法律第267号)改正以前は、1回のみ使用できた一次旅券(シングル旅券)も申請できたが、現在は使われていない(旅券法上の制度は残存)。残存有効期限が一定期間(3~6か月)を切ると、中国、韓国、インドネシアなど多くの国では出入国できなくなる。難民条約・難民議定書に基づき、難民に交付する難民旅行証明書(法務省発行)もある。旅券の大きさは国際民間航空機関(ICAO(イカオ))の勧告を受け、1992年にISO規格に準じたB7サイズになった。2006年(平成18)から、氏名、生年月日、外務大臣の署名、顔写真などの電子データを記録したICチップ内蔵のIC旅券を発行している。都道府県窓口に戸籍謄(抄)本、住民票、写真、身元確認できる運転免許証などとともに申請する。発行手数料は10年間有効で1万6000円、12歳以上の5年間有効で1万1000円、12歳未満の5年間有効で6000円。日本の有効旅券数は2020年(令和3)時点で約2771万。日本の旅券は、査証なしで渡航できる国数を示すパスポート指数で、2021年時点で191か国と世界1位である。 旅券は紀元前14世紀のアマルナ文書にすでに登場し、ローマ帝国時代には旅行者の人身保護規定が整い、18世紀のヨーロッパで平時の国境通過にあたり旅券を提示する制度が採用された。1985年には当時のEC(現、EU)加盟国および周辺国(スイス、ノルウェー、アイスランドなど)を旅券や審査なしで自由に往来できるシェンゲン協定(規則)が締結された。日本では、江戸幕府が1866年(慶応2)にA4判よりやや大きな身分証を初めて発行し、1878年(明治11)の海外旅券規則で法的に位置づけられた。根拠法である旅券法(昭和26年法律第267号)は、グローバル化や技術革新に伴い、たびたび改正されている。 [矢野 武 2021年6月21日] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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