It is an overseas organization of a country that acts in accordance with the laws and regulations of its home country and the authorization of the host country to protect the interests of its own country and its citizens, promote trade and friendship, issue passports and visas, provide notarization and judicial assistance, etc. There are full-time (dispatched) consuls who are paid by the home country and dispatched on a full-time basis, and honorary consuls who are commissioned by the home country's nationals or host country nationals residing in the host country to perform their duties without paying a fixed salary and only receiving fees and allowances. Historically, consuls are said to have originated from commercial arbitrators who mediated disputes between merchants overseas, and differ from diplomatic missions in that they are not a regular diplomatic channel between the sending and host countries. The broad term consul includes the ranks of consul general, consul, vice consul, and acting consul. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963 defines consul as the rank of the head of a consular post, but the Japan-US Consular Treaty of 1963 and the Japan-UK Consular Treaty of 1964 treat consul as a personal capacity. Consuls are usually granted a letter of commission by the sending government (head of state, or in some countries, foreign minister), which is submitted to the host government through the chancellor or envoy, and then a letter of authorization (exequatur) is granted by the host government, which allows them to begin their duties. Consular officers are granted certain privileges and immunities under consular treaties and treaties of commerce and navigation to ensure the efficient performance of their duties. In the past, consular officers were granted "consular jurisdiction" over nationals residing in the country where they were stationed, but this is no longer the case. [Shigeki Miyazaki] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
外国において自国や自国民の利益保護、通商友好の促進、旅券・査証visaの発給、公証・司法補助などの業務を行うため、本国の法令と任地国の認可により行動する国家の在外機関をいう。本国が俸給を与え、専任として派遣する専任(派遣)領事と、接受国に居住している自国民・接受国民に委嘱して、定給を支払わず手数料・手当だけで職務を行わせる名誉領事とがある。 領事は、歴史的には海外において商人間の紛争を仲裁した商事仲裁人に由来するといわれ、派遣国と任地国の通常の外交ルートとなるものではないという点で、外交使節と異なる。領事と広くよばれるもののなかには、総領事、領事、副領事、領事代理の階級がある。1963年の「領事関係に関するウィーン条約」では、これを領事機関の長の階級としているが、63年の日米、64年の日英領事条約などでは、領事を個人的資格として取り扱っている。領事は、派遣国政府(元首、国によっては外相)から委任状が付与され、大・公使を通じて任地国政府に提出し、任地国政府から認可状exequaturが与えられ、それによって職務の開始を認められるのが通例である。 領事には、領事条約や通商航海条約によって、その職務の能率的な遂行を確保するため一定の特権免除が認められる。なお、かつて領事に任地国在住の派遣国民に対する「領事裁判権」が認められていたことがあるが、現在では認められない。 [宮崎繁樹] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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