Synchrotron

Japanese: シンクロトロン
Synchrotron

A type of circular accelerator for charged particles (electrons and ions). In a cyclotron, a magnetic field is applied from above and below to two D-shaped accelerating cavities facing each other, causing the charged particles to travel in a circular orbit whose radius increases as they accelerate. In a synchrotron, an accelerating tube, numerous bending electromagnets, and radio-frequency accelerating cavities are arranged in a circle (ring) of a fixed radius, and the orbit of the charged particles is bent by the bending electromagnets, and radio-frequency energy is supplied from a klystron to the radio-frequency accelerating cavity to accelerate the charged particles. In large high-energy facilities, superconducting electromagnets and accelerating cavities are often used. They are broadly divided into electron synchrotrons and heavy ion synchrotrons. In the former, the rotation frequency on the main ring hardly changes because the particles are accelerated to nearly the speed of light in the pre-accelerator, but in the latter, modulation of the radio-frequency electric field is required as the particles accelerate. The energy loss due to orbital radiation when high energy is reached is inversely proportional to the first power of the radius of curvature of the orbit and the fourth power of the particle's rest mass, so when accelerating electrons, it is necessary to supply a huge amount of energy and increase the radius of curvature. The electron synchrotron TRISTAN (32 GeV) at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization in Japan has a diameter of 960 m (experiment finished in 1995), and LEP-II (104 GeV) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) has a diameter of 8,500 m (experiment finished in 2000). The highest energy proton synchrotrons are the TEVATRON (1 TeV) at Fermilab in the United States, with a diameter of 2,000 m, and the LHC (7 TeV) at CERN, with a diameter of 8,500 m, which began operation in 2008. The heavy ion synchrotron is the RHIC (100 GeV/nucleon) at Brookhaven National Laboratory, with a diameter of 1,200 m, which can accelerate even bare gold nuclei. All of these large facilities are collision-type, and are active in particle research, with the aim of discovering new elementary particles. The Tokai High Intensity Proton Project (J-PARC) is a 50 GeV proton synchrotron. Proton and heavy ion synchrotrons are also used for medical purposes. [See alternative terms] Medical accelerators

Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition

Japanese:

荷電粒子(電子・イオン)の円形加速器の一種.サイクロトロンでは,向き合った2個のD型の加速空洞に上下方向から磁場をかけて,荷電粒子加速とともに半径が大きくなる円形軌道を走らせるが,シンクロトロンでは,一定半径の円形(リング)に加速管と多数の偏向電磁石,高周波加速空洞を配置して,偏向電磁石により荷電粒子の軌道を曲げ,高周波加速空洞にクライストロンから高周波エネルギーを供給して加速する.高エネルギー大型施設では,電磁石,加速空洞ともに超伝導のものが用いられることが多い.電子シンクロトロンと重イオン・シンクロトロンに大別される.前者の場合,前段加速器の段階で光速近くまで加速されているので,主リング上の回転周波数はほとんどかわらないが,後者では,加速とともに高周波電場の変調が必要である.高エネルギーに達したときの軌道放射によるエネルギー損失は,軌道曲率半径の1乗および粒子静止質量の4乗に反比例するので,電子を加速する場合は莫大なエネルギーを補給するとともに,曲率半径を大きくする必要がある.わが国の高エネルギー加速器研究機構の電子シンクロトロンTRISTAN(32 GeV)直径960 m(1995年実験終了),欧州合同原子核研究機関CERNのLEP-Ⅱ(104 GeV)直径8500 m(2000年実験終了)のように大型であった.陽子シンクロトロンではアメリカのフェルミ研究所のTEVATRON(1 TeV)直径2000 m,2008年に運転を開始したCERNのLHC(7 TeV)直径8500 m がもっとも高エネルギーの施設である.重イオンシンクロトロンとしては,裸の金の原子核まで加速できるブルックヘブン国立研究所のRHIC(100 GeV/核子)直径1200 m が知られている.これらの大型施設は,すべて衝突型であって素粒子研究が目的で,新素粒子発見のために活動中である.東海・大強度陽子計画J-PARCは50 GeV 陽子シンクロトロンである.医療用にも陽子・重イオンシンクロトロンが用いられている.[別用語参照]医療用加速器

出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報

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