Ryoke

The title of the lord of a manor in the manor system. The lord received a certain economic share from the manor. This was called the lord's position and was passed down from generation to generation. In exchange for obtaining economic interests, the lord was obligated to ensure that the manor was free from foreign imports and entry and to prevent invasion from outside.

There are two meanings of the word "Ryoke". (1) When the word "Ryoke" is also called "Honjo" or "Honke". In "Shikimoku Shinpen Zuihen" (Addendum of the New Edition of Shikimoku), it is written that "in the areas where the Gokenin of various provinces were located, and in the areas where the Ryoke stayed, and in the areas where the Gokenin were employed," and "even if the Gokenin's households and other things have been passed down from generation to generation in the Honjo, if they have been changed without any mistake, you should leave it to the will of the previous Imperial Edict and notify the details." Thus, "Ryoke" and "Honjo" are used with the same meaning. "Shikimoku Sho" also says, "Honjo means "Ryoke". It means the original lord." (2) When the Ryoke made a further donation contract to secure various rights and interests in the manor and looked up to the powerful family as the higher-ranking ruler, the higher-ranking ruler was called "Honjo" or "Honke." In this case, the ryoke and the honjo or main family are in a hierarchical relationship, and the ryoke refers to the owner of the land who is next in rank to the main family. For example, in the case of Kanokogi Manor in Higo Province, Fujiwara Sanemasa, the Dazai Daini, became the ryoke after receiving a donation from the descendants of the lord who developed the manor, saying "to borrow authority." However, Sanemasa's descendant, Gansei, donated it to Princess Takayoin, daughter of Emperor Toba, saying "to prevent disturbances in the provincial government," and looked up to the princess as the main family, and decided to give a share of the ryoke to the main family. Also, since the ryoke was in a position to be the custodian of the main family, the ryoke was sometimes called the yakusho.

[Okuno Nakahiko]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

荘園(しょうえん)制における荘園領主の称。領家は荘園から一定の経済的得分(とくぶん)を得た。これを領家職(しき)といい相伝された。領家は経済的権益を得るかわりに荘園の不輸・不入権を確保し外部からの侵略を阻止していく義務があった。

　領家には二義がある。（1）領家を本所(ほんじょ)または本家(ほんけ)とも称する場合。『式目新編追加』に、「諸国御家人跡(ごけにんあと)、領家進止(しんじ)タルノ所々、御家人役事」として、「御家人相伝所帯等、本所進退タリトイエドモ、サセル誤リナク改易セラレルニオイテハ、先度ノ御教書(みぎょうしょ)ノ旨ニ任セテ子細(しさい)ヲ申サルベキナリ」とあって、領家と本所とは同意義に用いられている。『式目抄』にも「本所トハ領家也(なり)。元来ノ領主ヲ云(いう)也」とある。（2）領家が荘園の諸権益を確保するために、さらに寄進契約を行って権門を上級支配者と仰ぐ場合、上級支配者を本所あるいは本家と号した。この場合、領家と本所あるいは本家とは上下の支配関係に置かれ、領家は本家に次ぐ地位にある領有者をさすことになる。たとえば肥後(ひご)国鹿子木(かのこぎ)荘の場合、大宰大弐(だざいだいに)藤原実政(さねまさ)は同荘の開発領主の子孫から「権威ヲ借ランガ為メ」といって寄進を受けて領家となったが、実政の末流願西(がんせい)は、「国衙(こくが)ノ乱妨(らんぼう)ヲ防ガズ」とこれを鳥羽院(とばいん)の皇女高陽院(かやいん)内親王に寄進して、同内親王を本家と仰ぎ、領家得分を割いて本家に納めることにしている。また、領家は本家の預所(あずかりどころ)としての地位にたつことになるところから領家を預所とよぶこともあった。

［奥野中彦］

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