Hygiene

Japanese: 衛生学 - えいせいがく（英語表記）hygiene

A science that studies the maintenance of mental and physical health. It is not just about preventing disease, but also about theories and methods for maintaining the health of individuals and groups, allowing people to fully function physically, mentally, and socially, and taking as much precaution as possible to ensure that their descendants are healthy both physically and mentally. The prototype can be seen in prehistoric tombs and their excavations. In historical times, Egyptians were already conducting research on intestinal parasites, leprosy, and eye diseases around 1600 BC, and it is believed that they were implementing methods for cleaning the skin, warning about harmful foods and drinking water, and sanitation of living environments. After that, through the Greek and Roman periods, hygiene laws were further developed, and baths, water supplies, and cemeteries were established. In modern times, against the backdrop of major epidemics and population concentration in cities, hygiene laws were established in developed European countries. In 1866, Max von Pettenkofer (1818-1901) established a hygiene chair at the University of Munich and established hygiene as a science. Since then, the discovery of pathogenic microorganisms has led to the eradication of pathogens, blocking of infection routes, and the development of immunological methods, which have led to measures against infectious diseases and the improvement of the environment, which were previously major problems.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

心身の健康の保全を研究する学問。単に病気を予防するだけでなく，個人および集団の健康を保持するとともに，身体的，精神的さらに社会的な機能を十分に発揮させ，また子孫の心身にも異常のないように，予想できるかぎりの配慮をするための理論と方法を研究する学問。その原型は先史時代の古墳やその発掘物からもうかがうことができる。有史時代になると，エジプト人は前 1600年頃，すでに腸内寄生虫，ハンセン病，眼疾患についての研究を行なっており，皮膚の清潔法や有害食物，飲用水への注意，住環境の衛生法などが実施されていたと考えられる。その後，ギリシア・ローマ時代を経て，衛生法はさらに発展し，浴場や水道，墓地などが整備された。近代に入ると，疫病の大流行や都市への人口集中などを背景に，ヨーロッパの先進国で衛生法規が整備されていった。 1866年，ペッテンコーファー Max von Pettenkofer (1818～1901) がミュンヘン大学に衛生学講座を開設し，科学としての衛生学を確立した。以後，病原微生物の発見により，病原体の滅殺，感染経路の遮断，免疫方法の開発などにより，大きな問題であった感染症対策と環境の整備が行われるようになった。

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