When components are mixed at constant temperature and pressure to create a solution, a solution in which there is no flow of heat and no change in volume before and after mixing is called an ideal solution. In other words, this means that there is no difference and there is the same cohesive force between solvent molecules, between solute molecules, and between the solvent and solute molecules. This corresponds to an ideal gas in which the intermolecular interactions (cohesive forces) are constant, i.e., zero. In an ideal solution, Raoult's law (the vapor pressure depression rate of a dilute solution is equal to the mole fraction of the solute and is independent of the type of solvent or solute) is completely satisfied. Mixtures of substances with similar chemical structures, such as chlorobenzene C 6 H 5 Cl and bromobenzene C 6 H 5 Br, exhibit the properties of an ideal solution over a wide range of concentrations (almost the entire range), and such solutions are called perfect solutions. When the mole fraction of the solute in an electrolyte solution is greater than one millionth, or in a non-electrolyte solution, greater than one thousandth, the deviation from the ideal solution becomes more than 1%, and cannot be ignored. Solutions more dilute than this can be considered ideal solutions. [Yamazaki Akira] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
定温・定圧で成分を混合して溶液をつくるとき、熱の出入りがなく、体積も混合前と混合後で変化がないような溶液のことを理想溶液という。すなわち、溶媒分子相互間の凝集力、溶質分子相互間の凝集力、さらに溶媒分子と溶質分子の間の凝集力の3種にすべて差がなく同一であることを意味する。これは理想気体が分子間相互作用(凝集力)を一定、すなわちゼロとしたことに対応している。 理想溶液においてはラウールの法則(希薄溶液の蒸気圧降下率は溶質のモル分率に等しく、溶媒・溶質の種類に無関係である、という法則)などが完全に満足される。クロロベンゼンC6H5ClとブロモベンゼンC6H5Brのように、もともと類似した化学構造をもつものの混合系は、広い濃度範囲(ほとんど全域)にわたって理想溶液としての性質を示すが、このような溶液を完全溶液Perfect solutionという。電解質溶液ならば溶質のモル分率にして100万分の1、非電解質溶液なら1000分の1よりも大となると、理想溶液からのずれが1%強となって無視できなくなる。これよりも希薄な溶液は理想溶液とみなしうる。 [山崎 昶] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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