Impulse

Japanese: 力積 - りきせき
Impulse

A quantity that indicates the strength of an impact given to an object, and is the product of the applied impulsive force and the short amount of time that it continues. There are many cases where the speed of a moving object changes dramatically in an instant, such as a ball hit with a bat. The same is true in the case of car collisions. For example, let's say that the impact force given to the ball is a constant force F for the short amount of time Δ (delta) t that the force is acting on. If the speed of the ball before and after being hit with the bat is expressed as v and v ', then the equation of Newton's law of motion, "mass ( m ) multiplied by the change in velocity over time is equal to the force acting at that time," is:
m × ( v ´- v )/ Δt F
This equation can be rewritten as mv ´- mvF Δ t
The left side of the equation is the change in momentum of the ball due to the impact. Since the strength of the impact is proportional to the change in speed and mass of the moving object, momentum, which is the product of mass and speed, is the quantity that represents the intensity of the movement. This equation generally holds true, and indicates that "the change in momentum is equal to the product of the impact force and the duration of that force." The "force x duration" that appears here is called impulse. Impulse is a useful quantity when a large force is applied for only a short period of time. The above equation coincides well with our experience. For example, a glass dropped on a hard floor is likely to break, but a glass dropped on a futon is less likely to break.

[Kiyomi Ikeda]

[Reference] | Laws of motion | Newton

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物体に与える衝撃の強さを表す量で、作用した衝撃力とそれが持続した短い時間の積。バットで打ち返されたボールのように、運動する物体の速度が瞬間的に大きく変化する場合が少なくない。自動車の衝突なども同様である。たとえば、ボールに与えた衝撃力を、力が働いている短い時間Δ(デルタ)tの間は一定の力Fであったとする。バットで打つ前後のボールの速度をvv´と表すと、「質量(m)に速度の時間変化を掛けたものは、そのとき働く力に等しい」というニュートンの運動法則の式は、
  m×(v´-v)/ΔtF
となる。この式を書き改めると
  mv´-mvFΔt
となる。左辺は打撃によるボールの運動量の変化である。衝撃の強さは動いてきた物体の速度の変化と質量に比例するので、質量と速度の積である運動量が、運動の激しさを表す量となる。この式は一般に成立して、「運動量の変化は、衝撃力とその力の持続時間の積に等しい」ことを示している。ここで現れた「力×持続時間」を力積(インパルス)とよんでいる。力積は短い時間のみ大きな力が働く場合に有用な量である。前記の式はわれわれの経験とよく一致している。たとえば、硬い床板の上に落としたコップは割れやすいが、ふとんの上に落としたコップは割れにくいことなどである。

[池田清美]

[参照項目] | 運動の法則 | ニュートン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Li-qi-shuo (English spelling)

>>:  Strong man - Rikisha

Recommend

Asuwa

The name of Echizen Province since ancient times, ...

Zhang Zǎo (English name)

A Chinese painter from the mid-Tang Dynasty. Dates...

MERZ

…After the end of World War I, he moved from Dada...

Government financial institutions

A financial institution fully funded by the gover...

Italian Unification - Itariato Uitsu

…In Italy, national unification was realized in 1...

Bunker Hill

…The militia fought on equal terms with the regul...

Ton Yabghu Qaghan

?‐628 Khagan (Khan) during the height of the Weste...

Kiritappu - Kiritappu

This is the central town of Hamanaka-cho, located...

Conium maculatum L.

A poisonous biennial plant of the Apiaceae family ...

Madoga (window moth) - Madoga

A general term for insects in the Lepidoptera fami...

Foot-striped

An annual grass of the Gramineae family (illustrat...

Saturation of nuclear forces

...In other words, a nucleon does not exert nucle...

Usui Bypass - Usui Bypass

This road, which crosses Iriyama Pass, was complet...

Aftalion, A. (English spelling) AftalionA

...The gestation period of investment refers to t...

Ashiginu

A contraction of the words "ashikikinu"...