A general term for 15 elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103. A general term for actinium Ac, thorium Th, protactinium Pa, uranium U, neptunium Np, plutonium Pu, americium Am, curium Cm, berkelium Bk, californium Cf, einsteinium Es, fermium Fm, mendelevium Md, nobelium No, and lawrencium Lr. Corresponds to the lanthanides with atomic numbers 57 to 71. Lanthanides are called 4f elements because of the electronic structure of their atoms, while actinides are sometimes called 5f elements. Each element consists of many isotopes, all of which are radioactive. Moreover, all elements below Np are artificial. Th, U, and Pu are particularly important elements for peaceful use of atomic energy. Only very small amounts of elements above Am are available, but their physical and chemical properties have been studied in detail in laboratories. In terms of the electron configuration outside the nucleus, the actinides are a series in which the 5f electrons are filled in sequence, but because the orbital energies of the 6d and 5f electrons are close to each other, the 5f electrons are also relatively active, unlike the 4f elements in which the 4f subshell is hidden inside and does not participate in chemical reactions. As shown in the table, the valences of the lanthanides and actinides are generally very stable at trivalent, while the actinides are much more complex and higher valences can be stable. To separate actinides from other elements or from each other, the valence is often changed and then solvent extraction or ion exchange resins are used. Actinide ions are more susceptible to hydrolysis than lanthanide ions and are more likely to form complex compounds. The use of actinides, which was recommended not to be used in the 1970 IUPAC regulations, was approved along with actinides in the 1990 regulations. Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition |
原子番号89~103までの15元素の総称.アクチニウムAc,トリウムTh,プロトアクチニウムPa,ウランU,ネプツニウムNp,プルトニウムPu,アメリシウムAm,キュリウムCm,バークリウムBk,カリホルニウムCf,アインスタイニウムEs,フェルミウムFm,メンデレビウムMd,ノーベリウムNo,ローレンシウムLrの総称.原子番号57~71までのランタノイドに対応.ランタノイドを原子の電子構造から4f元素というのに対し,アクチノイドを5f元素ということもある.各元素とも多数の同位体よりなり,これらはすべて放射性である.しかもNp以下はすべて人工元素である.Th,U,Puは,原子力平和利用のうえでとくに重要な元素である.Am以降の元素はきわめてわずかな量しか入手できないが,実験室では,物理的,化学的性質が詳細に調べられている.核外電子配置のうえからは,アクチノイドは5f電子が順次満たされていく系列であるが,6d,5f電子の軌道エネルギーが接近しているために,4f副殻が内部に隠されていて化学作用に関与しない4f元素の場合と異なり,5f電子も比較的活性である.ランタノイド,アクチノイドの原子価は表に示すように,ランタノイドの場合は一般に三価がきわめて安定であるのに対し,アクチノイドの場合ははるかに複雑で,より高い原子価が安定である場合がある.アクチノイドのほかの元素からの分離,または相互間の分離には,原子価を変化させておき,溶媒抽出あるいはイオン交換樹脂を用いて行われることが多い.アクチノイドのイオンはランタノイドのイオンより加水分解をうけやすく,また錯化合物をつくりやすい.なお,IUPAC 1970年規則で使わないように勧告されたアクチニド(actinides)は,1990年規則でアクチノイドとともに使用が認められた. 出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報 |
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