Dairy farming is a translation of the English word "dairy" and refers to agriculture that produces milk and dairy products by raising dairy livestock (mainly dairy cows). In a broader sense, it can be used to include everything from production and processing to sales and delivery. The character "dairy" means a beverage made by fermenting milk with lactic acid, and is a type of dairy product along with "so" and "daigo." The "Shokei of Agriculture," published in 1882 (Meiji 15), defines dairy farming as "the management of milking, handling milk, and the production of milk fat, dairy products, and cheese." [Yoichi Shoda] Dairy Farming Around the WorldThe use of milk from livestock began around 3000 BC. The Sumerians of Mesopotamia milked cows' milk at this time, offering it to the gods, and royalty and nobles drank it. In Egypt, a relief from an archaeological site shows a king being offered milk around 2100 BC. It is thought that milk was brought to Europe in the Bronze Age in the 2000s BC. The fact that milk was an important food for the ancient Germanic people is also shown in Norse mythology, where the first humans are said to have been raised on cow's milk. However, dairy farming as an industry was established much later, and dairy farming began in the 13th and 14th centuries in Europe, mainly in the Netherlands, with the rise of medieval cities. Records show that dairy products were actively exported to countries along the Baltic Sea around the 15th century. Following the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century, crop rotation livestock farming, which included turnips as a feed crop, became widespread, and modern dairy farming in Europe made great strides. Since the beginning of the 20th century, milk production has grown rapidly in North America, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, and other countries, with production also increasing significantly in the former Soviet Union. Comparing the characteristics of major dairy countries, the Netherlands is famous as the birthplace of Holstein, a representative breed of dairy cow, and produces famous cheeses such as Edam and Gouda. Denmark has a well-developed agricultural cooperative organization and is known for producing and exporting milk and dairy products. It also has a well-developed pig farming industry that utilizes dairy by-products. France is one of the leading dairy countries in the EU, with a large number of cows and sheep, and produces more than 200 types of cheese, including Roquefort cheese made from sheep's milk. Switzerland is known for its highland dairy farming by grazing in the Alps, and is famous for its Emmental and Gruyere cheeses. In the United States, the Corn Belt south of the Great Lakes is the center of dairy farming, and large Holsteins are raised exclusively for milk. Most dairy farmers in Australia do not have cowsheds and milk the cows in milking parlours. [Yoichi Shoda] Dairy Farming in JapanIt was around the 7th century that milk was first consumed in Japan. The medicinal properties of milk, which were introduced to Japan through a medical book from Goguryeo, were accepted by Chisou, a immigrant from the country of Wu. His son Fukutsune presented milk to Emperor Kotoku and was given the surname Yamato no Kusushi no Omi (Japanese Medicine Envoy Master) and the position of Chief Milk Officer. It was around this time that processed products such as dairy, suku, and daigo began to be used. During the Edo period, the 8th shogun, Tokugawa Yoshimune, had white cow dairy produced at a ranch in what is now Chiba Prefecture, but up until that time dairy products were mainly used for medicine and not as food. The first Western breed of improved cattle imported to Japan were 40 Shorthorns, introduced in 1873 (Meiji 6) by Edwin Dun, an American teacher. Later, the Meiji government designated the Ayrshire as a recommended breed because it had the advantages of being strong and able to withstand rough feeding, and its teats were not large, making it suitable for milking by small-sized Japanese people. However, it was inferior in milk production to Holsteins, which were imported by private individuals later, and it was eventually replaced by Holsteins. The first milk store was established in 1863 (Bunkyu 3) by Maeda Tomekichi in Yokohama. From the middle of the Meiji period, demand for drinking milk began to slowly emerge in large cities, and specialized milking businesses to meet this demand began to appear in the suburbs of these cities. This was a so-called single-litter milking model, in which only lactating cows were gathered together and milked, and when the lactation period was over, they were sold and new lactating cows were purchased. This model had the advantage of being convenient for transportation to consumer areas, but is disappearing due to the modernization of cities and the development of road networks. This model still remains to some extent in large-scale integrated dairy and meat farms. In 1925 (Taisho 14), the Hokkaido Dairy Sales Association was founded in Hokkaido under the Industrial Cooperatives Act, and dairy farmers themselves began manufacturing butter, which later became the basis for Snow Brand Dairy Co., Ltd. Meanwhile, poor harvests caused by cold weather that struck northern Japan in the early Showa period prompted the promotion of livestock farming, and paddy field dairy farming, in which a small number of dairy cows are kept alongside arable farming, centered on rice, gradually spread throughout the country. By 1944 (Showa 19), the number of dairy cows kept had reached a record high of 260,000. From the end of World War II, dairy farming in Japan rapidly declined, but after the war, as bread became more popular as people began to eat more Westernized foods, milk consumption increased and dairy farming once again regained its prosperity. The number of dairy cows, which was 198,000 in 1950 (Showa 25), rose to 2,103,000 in 1986, more than tenfold, before stagnating and declining to 1,820,000 in 1999 (Heisei 11). Milk production also rose to 8,655,000 tons (1999). The number of dairy farms was increasing until 1960, but since then, the number has been on a downward trend as management has become more specialized and the scale of farming has expanded. After the oil crisis in 1973, the rate of increase in milk consumption slowed, while production increased even more, resulting in stockpiles of butter, skim milk powder, and other products, and production adjustments have been carried out by dairy farming organizations since 1979. As a result of streamlining management by increasing the number of cows, in 1986 the national average was 13.9 milking cows per farm, which was on par with France, and the Hokkaido average was 21.2, almost on par with Denmark. In 1998 the national average was 27.6 milking cows per farm, and the scale is showing an upward trend. The methods of rearing and management have also become more mechanized, with the use of milkers for mechanical milking and barn cleaners for cleaning livestock sheds, resulting in labor-saving measures. Reproduction is often carried out by artificial insemination. Female calves produced by dairy cows are raised as replacement cows for replacement, while males are sold for meat. Recently, the majority of dairy farmers are engaged in integrated dairy and meat management, combining dairy farming with male calves and fattening old cows. Hokkaido is the leading dairy farming region in Japan, with a large area of pastureland, which is the basis for raising dairy cows, and the grassland area per dairy cow is about 46 ares, which is close to the level of the Netherlands. Dairy farming is also thriving in Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima, Gunma, Chiba, Kanagawa, Nagano, Hyogo and other prefectures, but the grassland area in these prefectures is extremely small, at about 4 ares per dairy cow, which means that the cost of purchasing feed is high and business management is difficult. [Yoichi Shoda] "New Edition Dairy Farming Handbook" edited by Hirose Yoshitsune and Suzuki Shozo (1990, Yokendo) [References] | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
酪農とは、英語のデイリーdairyの訳語で、乳用家畜(主として乳牛)を飼育して乳や乳製品を生産する農業をいう。広義には生産・加工から販売・配達までを含めて用いることもある。酪という字は乳を乳酸発酵させた飲料を意味し、酥(そ)や醍醐(だいご)とともに一種の乳製品である。1882年(明治15)に出版された『農業捷径(しょうけい)』には「酪農とは搾乳・乳汁の取扱い、乳脂・乳酪・乾酪の製造等を司(つかさど)るものなり」と定義されている。 [正田陽一] 世界の酪農家畜の乳の利用は紀元前3000年ごろには始まっている。メソポタミアのシュメール人はこのころ牛乳を搾り、神に捧(ささ)げ、王侯・貴族は飲用に供していた。エジプトでも前2100年ごろ、王に牛乳を勧めている図が遺跡のレリーフに残されている。ヨーロッパへは前2000年代の青銅器時代にもたらされたと考えられる。古代ゲルマン人にとって牛乳が重要な食品であったことは、北欧の神話で最初の人間が雌牛の乳で育てられたとされていることにも示されている。しかし産業としての酪農業が確立されたのはずっと後年で、13~14世紀のヨーロッパにおいて中世の都市の興隆に伴ってオランダを中心として酪農が開始された。15世紀ごろにはバルト海沿岸諸国へ盛んに乳製品を輸出していたことが記録に残されている。18世紀後半の産業革命に続いて、飼料カブを作目の一つに加えた輪作式有畜農法が普及し、ヨーロッパの近代酪農は飛躍的な発展を遂げることとなった。20世紀に入ってからは北アメリカ、ブラジル、オーストラリア、ニュージーランドなどでの牛乳生産が急速に伸び、また旧ソ連においても生産の増大が顕著になっていた。 主要酪農国の特徴を比較すると、オランダは乳牛の代表品種ホルスタインの原産国として名高く、またエダムチーズやゴーダチーズなどの著名なチーズを製産している。デンマークは農業協同組合組織が発達し、牛乳・乳製品の生産・輸出で知られている。また酪農副産物を利用しての養豚業も発達している。フランスはEU諸国有数の酪農国で、ウシ、ヒツジの飼養頭数も多く、羊乳を原料としたロックフォールチーズをはじめ200種以上のチーズを生んでいる。スイスはアルプスへの放牧による高原酪農で知られており、エメンタールチーズやグリュイエールチーズなども名高い。アメリカは五大湖の南のコーンベルトが酪農の中心地で、乳専用タイプで大形のホルスタインを飼育している。オーストラリアの酪農家は大部分が牛舎をもたず、ミルキングパーラーで搾乳している。 [正田陽一] 日本の酪農わが国で牛乳が初めて飲用に供されたのは7世紀ごろである。高句麗から入った医書により日本に伝えられた牛乳の医薬としての効能は、呉(ご)の国の渡来人智聡(ちそう)に受け入れられ、その子福常が孝徳(こうとく)天皇に牛乳を献じて和薬使主(やまとのくすしのおみ)の姓を賜り、乳長上(ちちのおさのかみ)の職が与えられた。このころから加工品である酪・酥・醍醐の利用が始まっている。江戸時代にも8代将軍徳川吉宗(よしむね)のときに現在の千葉県にある牧場で白牛酪(はくぎゅうらく)をつくらせているが、このころまでは乳製品も医薬としての利用が中心で、食品としての利用はなかった。日本に初めて輸入された欧米の改良品種のウシは、1873年(明治6)にアメリカ人で教師をしていたダンEdwin Dunが導入した40頭のショートホーンであった。その後、明治政府はエアーシャーを奨励品種として指定したが、これは体質強健で粗飼に耐える長所をもち、乳頭が粗大でなく、小柄の日本人の手で搾乳するのに適すると思われたからである。しかしその後に民間の手で輸入されたホルスタインに乳量の点で劣ったため、やがてホルスタインに置き換えられていった。 牛乳販売店の第1号がつくられたのは1863年(文久3)のことで、前田留吉(とめきち)が横浜に開いたものであった。明治時代の中ごろから大都市には飲用牛乳の需要がぼつぼつと出てきて、この需要に応ずる専業搾乳業者が大都市近郊に生まれてきた。これは泌乳中の乳牛だけを集めて搾乳し、泌乳期を過ぎると売却して、新たに泌乳中のウシを購入するいわゆる一腹(ひとばら)搾りという形態で、消費地への輸送の便という特色はあったが、都市の近代化や道路網の発達により姿を消しつつある。この形態は大規模な乳肉複合経営に多少残っている。 1925年(大正14)、北海道に産業組合法による北海道製酪販売組合連合会が創設されて、酪農民自身によるバターの製造事業が開始され、これがのちに雪印(ゆきじるし)乳業株式会社の母体となった。一方、昭和の初期に北日本を襲った冷害による凶作は有畜農業を推進するきっかけとなり、稲作を中心とする耕種農業のかたわら少数の乳牛を飼う水田酪農が徐々に各地に普及浸透していった。44年(昭和19)には乳牛の飼養頭数は従来の最高の26万頭に達した。第二次世界大戦の末期から、日本の酪農は急速に凋落(ちょうらく)したが、戦後は食生活の欧風化に伴うパン食の普及と並行して牛乳の消費が伸び、ふたたび酪農は隆盛を取り戻した。乳牛の飼養頭数も50年(昭和25)に19万8000頭であったものが、86年には210万3000頭と10倍以上に達し、その後は伸び悩んで99年(平成11)には182万頭と減少している。牛乳の生産量も865万5000トン(1999)を生産するようになった。1960年までは酪農家の戸数も増加していたが、それ以降は経営の専業化と規模拡大が進んで戸数は減少の傾向にある。73年のオイル・ショック以後、牛乳消費の増加率は鈍化する一方、生産はますます増強されたため、バター・脱脂粉乳などの滞貨がみられるようになり、79年から生産調整が酪農団体の手によって行われている。 多頭化による経営の合理化が進められた結果、1986年には、全国平均で1飼養家当り搾乳牛13.9頭とフランス並みの頭数規模となり、北海道の平均は21.2頭とデンマークにほぼ匹敵することとなった。98年では1飼養家当りの搾乳牛は全国平均で27.6頭と、規模が拡大する傾向にある。飼育管理の方法も機械化が進んで、ミルカーによる機械搾乳や畜舎清掃のためのバーンクリーナーも普及して省力化が進んでいる。繁殖も人工授精で行われることが多い。乳牛が生産する子ウシは、雌は更新のための後継牛として育成されるが、雄は肉用に売却される。最近では、雄の子ウシや老廃牛の肥育を酪農と複合で行う乳肉複合経営の酪農家が大部分を占める。 北海道は日本随一の酪農地帯で、乳牛飼養の基盤となる牧野面積も広く、乳牛1頭当りの草地面積が約46アールで、オランダのレベルに近い。岩手、宮城、福島、群馬、千葉、神奈川、長野、兵庫などの諸県も酪農が盛んであるが、都府県の草地面積は乳牛1頭当り約4アールと極端に少なく、そのため購入飼料費を多額に要し経営を苦しくしている。 [正田陽一] 『広瀬可恒・鈴木省三編著『新編酪農ハンドブック』(1990・養賢堂)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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