Orozco - José Clemente Orozco

Mexican painter. He is one of the four great masters of Mexican art alongside Rivera, Siqueiros, and Tamayo, and was active in the movement and creation of fresco murals. Born on November 23rd in a small village in Jalisco. He graduated from an agricultural school in Mexico City and studied mathematics and architecture at university, but changed his mind and studied painting at the San Carlos Art School. While he was a student, he painted the historical masterpiece "San Juan de Ulua" in 1913, which attracted attention. At that time in Mexico, the trend for democratic revolution was gradually gaining momentum, and he also drew cartoons criticizing the president in newspapers, but as the civil war intensified, he fled to the United States for a while, and after returning to Mexico, he formed an artists' union with Rivera and Siqueiros (1923). Aiming for a national revival movement and paintings for the masses, he worked on fresco murals that any member of the public could appreciate, leaving behind large works in Mexico City's Preparatory (national high school) and the Supreme Court. His frescoes at the Mexico City Stadium are also famous. All of his works advocated for the Mexican nationalist ideology of Indigenismo (the revival of Indian culture), and contributed greatly to the revolution. He died in Mexico City on September 7, 1949. His style of painting was dark and intense, and many of his works featured tragic scenes from the revolutionary front, which earned him the nickname "the Mexican Goya." However, as a 20th century painter, his figures and compositions are bolder and more abstract than Goya's realistic works. Some of his representative oil paintings include "General Bea" and "The Zapata Members."

[Mitsusada Fukasaku]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

メキシコの画家。リベラ、シケイロス、タマヨと並ぶメキシコ画壇四大巨匠の一人で、フレスコ壁画の運動と実作に活躍した。11月23日ハリスコ州の小村に生まれる。メキシコ市の農学校を卒業し、大学で数学、建築を学んだが、志を変えてサン・カルロス美術学校で絵を学び、在学中の1913年に歴史画『サン・ファン・デ・ウルア』の大作を描き、注目された。当時のメキシコでは民主革命の潮流がしだいに高まっており、彼も新聞に大統領批判の風刺画などを描いていたが、内乱が激化したのでアメリカに一時逃れ、帰国後はリベラやシケイロスとともに美術家組合をつくり（1923）、民族再興運動と大衆のための絵画を目ざし、大衆ならだれでも鑑賞できるフレスコ壁画に取り組み、メキシコ市のプレパラトリア（国立高校）や最高裁判所に大作を残した。また、メキシコ市スタジアムのフレスコも有名である。いずれも、メキシコのナショナリズムの思想のインディヘニスモ（インディオ文化復興主義）をうたったもので、革命に大いに貢献した。49年9月7日メキシコ市で没した。画風はどす黒い強烈さをもち、革命戦線の悲劇的光景をテーマとしたものが多く、「メキシコのゴヤ」とよばれた。ただし、20世紀の画家だけに、人物も構図もゴヤの写実的作品に比べて大胆な抽象性をもつ。油絵では『ビア将軍』『サパタ党員』などが代表的である。

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