Repression - Repression

Japanese: 抑圧 - よくあつ(英語表記)repression
Repression - Repression

A fundamental concept in Freud's psychoanalysis, and the most basic defense mechanism of the ego. When a representation that represents an impulse or an idea or memory associated with it appears in consciousness, the mind tries to eliminate the representation from consciousness and keep it in the unconscious. In general, satisfying an impulse relieves tension and brings pleasure. Therefore, trying to keep the representation of a certain impulse in the unconscious is contradictory, but satisfying one impulse can make it impossible to satisfy other impulses, and in such cases, there is a risk that tension will increase, so repression occurs. On the other hand, suppressing the emotions that arise with an impulse is called "suppression," and is a different mental function from repression. Repression is an unconscious function, but suppression is conscious. Just as emotions remain in the preconscious even when suppressed, representative representations do not disappear just because they are suppressed. They remain in the unconscious and constantly try to return to consciousness.

[Daisaku Tonobayashi and Masamichi Kawabata]

Mechanisms of repression

For repression to occur, it is a prerequisite that two separate systems, the conscious system and the unconscious system, have been created in the mind. The purpose of psychoanalysis is to clarify the nature of this unconscious. Just as a political prisoner who has fled to a foreign country receives support in his or her place of exile and continues to engage in political activities, the representative representations do not disappear even when repressed, so they must be continually repressed. Just as the authorities must remain vigilant and keep a close eye on any contacts between a political prisoner who has fled to a foreign country and his or her collaborators in the country.

In order to continue repression, a huge amount of psychological energy must be wasted, leading to mental exhaustion and weakening of the mind. Economical defenses to prevent such waste of energy are counter-appropriations of energy. For example, a mother who hates her child will dote on her child through reaction formation, in an attempt to complete the repression of her hatred. In this case, she may feel affection for her own child, but she will not show affection for other people's children. Originally, repression was considered to be a mental function unique to hysterical patients, but it is also seen in people who are considered normal, and is considered to have a general significance. It is a typical example of what is called a psychological defense mechanism, and it is thought that various defense mechanisms other than repression contain the process of repression to a greater or lesser extent. It is thought that in mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, a special type of repression similar to repression but different from it, namely denial of reality or exclusion, occurs.

[Daisaku Tonobayashi and Masamichi Kawabata]

"Repression" by Freud, translated by Tsuneo Imura (included in "The Collected Works of Freud 6", 1970, Jinbun Shoin)"Ego and Defense" by Anna Freud, translated by Daisaku Tonobayashi, 2nd Edition (1985, Seishin Shobo)"Psychoses, Vol. 1 and 2 by Jacques Lacan, edited by Jacques-Alain Miller, translated by Hiroyuki Koide, Kunifumi Suzuki, Yoshiteru Kawazu, and Yoshi Kasahara (1987, Iwanami Shoten)"

[Reference items] | Psychoanalysis | Defense mechanisms

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フロイトの精神分析の基礎的な概念で、自我の防衛機制のうちでもっとも基本的なもの。衝動を代理している表象やそれに結び付いた観念や記憶が意識に表れると、その代理表象を意識しないように意識から排除し、無意識にとどめておこうとする心の働きのことをいう。一般に、衝動を満足させることは緊張を解放し、快をもたらすものである。したがって、ある衝動の代理表象を無意識にとどめておこうとすることは矛盾を含むものであるが、ある衝動を満足させると、他の衝動を満足させることができなくなることがあり、こうしたときは、かえって緊張が増大する危険があるので抑圧がおこる。一方、衝動に伴っておこる情緒を抑えつけることは「抑制」suppressionとよばれ、抑圧とは別の心の働きである。抑圧は無意識的な働きであるが、抑制は意識的なものである。感情は抑制されても前意識にとどまるように、代理表象も抑圧されたからといって消滅するものではない。無意識にとどまり、絶えず意識に逆戻りしようしようとする。

[外林大作・川幡政道]

抑圧のメカニズム

抑圧がおこるためには、心のなかに意識という体系と無意識という別個の体系がつくられていることが前提になる。この無意識がどんな性格をもつものであるかを明らかにするのが、精神分析の目的である。外国に亡命した政治犯が亡命先で援助を受けて政治活動をするのと同じように、抑圧されても代理表象は消滅するわけではないので、絶えず抑圧し続けなければならない。政治犯が亡命したからといって官憲は警戒を怠ることなく、国内の協力者との連絡に目を光らしておかなければならないのと同様である。

 絶えず抑圧し続けるためには莫大(ばくだい)な心理的エネルギーを浪費せざるをえないので、精神的な消耗をもたらし、心の働きは衰弱せざるをえなくなる。こうしたエネルギーの浪費を防ぐ経済的な防衛法は、エネルギーを反対充当するものである。たとえば、子供を憎んでいる母親は、反動形成によって子供をかわいがり、憎しみの抑圧を完成しようとする。この場合、自分の子供には愛情を抱くかもしれないが、他人の子供に愛情を示すことはない。もともと抑圧はヒステリー患者に特有な心の働きとみなされたが、正常とみなされる人にも認められるもので、一般的な意義をもつものと考えられる。いわゆる心理的防衛機制とよばれているものの典型をなしているし、抑圧以外のさまざまな防衛機制においても大なり小なり抑圧の過程が含まれているとも考えられる。統合失調症(精神分裂病)のような精神病では抑圧と類似しているが、抑圧とは異なる特殊な抑圧、すなわち現実否認とか排除といわれるものがおきていると考えられる。

[外林大作・川幡政道]

『フロイト著、井村恒郎訳「抑圧」(『フロイト著作集6』所収・1970・人文書院)』『アンナ・フロイト著、外林大作訳『自我と防衛』第2版(1985・誠信書房)』『ジャック・ラカン著、ジャック・アラン・ミレール編、小出浩之・鈴木國文・川津芳照・笠原嘉訳『精神病』上下(1987・岩波書店)』

[参照項目] | 精神分析 | 防衛機制

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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