Optical glass - kougakugarasu (English spelling) optical glass

Japanese: 光学ガラス - こうがくがらす(英語表記)optical glass
Optical glass - kougakugarasu (English spelling) optical glass

Glass is a highly homogeneous material used in optical elements such as lenses and prisms that transmit images by reflecting and refracting light. There are more than 200 types of glass, depending on the combination of the two optical constants, the refractive index n d (for a wavelength of 587.6 nanometers) and the Abbe number ν d . Glass can be said to be the first functional material developed by humans, as it was discovered in 1609 by the Italian Galileo who observed the heavens with a telescope that combined convex and concave lenses.

The refractive index of glass changes depending on the wavelength of light (this is called dispersion), so even if a single convex lens can form a real image, the image will not be clear due to chromatic aberration. In order to eliminate spherical aberration and improve the accuracy of the image, optical systems are often made by combining several convex and concave lenses with different optical constants, and as a result, the number of types of optical glass has gradually increased to the present day. Since the 1980s, aspherical lenses have been widely used to eliminate spherical aberration and reduce the number of lenses. There are two types of glass: the crown type for convex lenses, which has a relatively low refractive index and low dispersion, and the flint type for concave lenses, which has a high refractive index and high dispersion because it contains lead oxide in its composition. Later, the barium type, which has a different partial dispersion, was added, and various new types of glass, such as lanthanum type, phosphate type, borate type, fluoride type, and fluoro-phosphate type, have been developed.

Optical glass is typically produced in small quantities and in a wide variety of products, with each type melted in a crucible and stirred to achieve high homogeneity. The crucible material is fireclay or platinum, and a roasting furnace or a high-frequency furnace is used. Since the 1970s, continuous production has been carried out using platinum furnaces for mass production.

[Teruo Sakaino and Setsuro Ito]

"Optical Glass" by Tetsuro Izumiya (1984, Kyoritsu Publishing) " "Encyclopedia of Glass" edited by Sakuho, Setsuro Ito, Hiromitsu Kozuka, Takayasu Koizuka, Setsuku Tabe, Kazuyuki Hirao, Tsuneo Yumizu, and Masamichi Wada (2007, Asakura Publishing)

Refractive index and Abbe number fraction of optical glass
©Shogakukan ">

Refractive index and Abbe number fraction of optical glass

Optical Glass Classification
©Shogakukan ">

Optical Glass Classification

Examples of classical optical glass compositions
©Shogakukan ">

Examples of classical optical glass compositions

Examples of lanthanum-based optical glass compositions
©Shogakukan ">

Examples of lanthanum-based optical glass compositions


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

レンズ、プリズムなどのように、光の反射、屈折によって画像を伝送する光学素子の材料となる高い均質度をもったガラス。屈折率nd(波長587.6ナノメートルに対するもの)とアッベ数νdの二つの光学定数の組合せにより200種以上のガラスがある。1609年にイタリアのガリレイが凸、凹両レンズを組み合わせた望遠鏡で天体観測をしていることから、ガラスは人間が最初に開発した機能性材料といえる。

 ガラスの屈折率は光の波長によって変わる(このことを分散とよぶ)から、1枚の凸レンズでも実像は結ぶが、色収差のため像が明瞭(めいりょう)でない。このほか球面収差なども除いて像の精度を高めるため、光学定数の異なる凸、凹レンズ数枚を組み合わせて光学系をつくりあげることが多く、そのため光学ガラスの種類がしだいに増えて現在に至っている。1980年代ごろから、球面収差を除去しレンズの枚数を少なくするために、非球面レンズが広く使用されるようになっている。ガラスの種類としては、屈折率が比較的低くて分散も低い凸レンズ用のクラウン系と、組成に酸化鉛を含むため高屈折率で高分散の凹レンズ用のフリント系になるが、その後、部分分散の異なるバリウム系が加わり、さらに新しくランタン系、リン酸塩系、ホウ酸塩系、フッ化物系、フツ・リン酸系など各種のガラスが開発されている。

 光学ガラスは典型的な多品種少量生産で、種類ごとにるつぼで溶融し、高均質を得るため攪拌(かくはん)をする。るつぼ材は耐火粘土または白金で、焙焼(ばいしょう)炉のほか高周波炉も使われる。また、1970年代から、大量生産のために白金炉を用いた連続生産が行われている。

[境野照雄・伊藤節郎]

『泉谷徹郎著『光学ガラス』(1984・共立出版)』『作花済夫・伊藤節郎・幸塚広光・肥塚隆保・田部勢津久・平尾一之・由水常雄・和田正道編『ガラスの百科事典』(2007・朝倉書店)』

光学ガラスの屈折率とアッベ数による分数
©Shogakukan">

光学ガラスの屈折率とアッベ数による分数

光学ガラスの分類
©Shogakukan">

光学ガラスの分類

古典的光学ガラスの組成例
©Shogakukan">

古典的光学ガラスの組成例

ランタン系光学ガラスの組成例
©Shogakukan">

ランタン系光学ガラスの組成例


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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