A method for performing physical simulations using computers. A continuous object is divided into a finite number of "elements," the characteristics of each element are approximated by a simple mathematical model, and the overall behavior is analyzed in the form of a system of simultaneous equations. Compared to the finite difference method, it has advantages such as the ease of analyzing complex shapes, the ease of creating general-purpose programs, and the clear correspondence between the calculation model and the actual object, making it easy to use. In addition, general-purpose programs with powerful functions have been developed, and they are widely used in design practice because they can be used as black-box tools that allow analysis using only engineering sense, even without knowledge of mathematics or programming. [Hayato Togawa] applicationThe finite element method was first developed to perform detailed strength calculations for airplane wings. It is capable of calculating monocoque structures, which are made by combining flat and curved plates lengthwise and widthwise to provide strength, and is often used to analyze structures that use reinforcement materials, plates with holes, and pipe joints. In civil engineering, it is used to calculate the strength of bridges, tunnels, highways, and dams, as well as to calculate tsunamis and river flows; in architecture, it is used to analyze high-rise buildings and long-span beams (and, as an application, the design of large domes); and in plant construction, it is used for vibration analysis, thermal analysis, and fluid analysis of the entire system including piping and tanks. In recent years, advances in computational technology for nonlinear problems and the development of specialized software have made it possible to carry out advanced applications that go beyond conventional wisdom, such as simulations of plastic processing, analysis of behavior during collisions, and design of semiconductor devices. It is also attracting attention in science and engineering education as an educational tool that is intuitive, easy to understand, and directly linked to cutting-edge technology. [Hayato Togawa] "Guide to the Finite Element Method" by Togawa Hayato (1979, Science Press) " ▽ "Handbook of the Finite Element Method" edited by Washizu Hisaichiro, Yamada Yoshiaki, Yamamoto Yoshiyuki, and Kawai Tadahiko, 2 volumes (1981, 1983, Baifukan)" ▽ "Numerical Calculation of the Finite Element Method" by KJ Bathe, translated by Kikuchi Fumio (1996, Japan Computer Society)" ▽ "An Overview of the Finite Element Method - Fundamentals and Applications in Science and Engineering" revised edition by Kikuchi Fumio (1999, Science Press)" ▽ "Numerical Analysis Programs Using Visual Basic" by Kuroda Hideo (2002, CQ Publishing) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
コンピュータによって物理シミュレーションを行うための手法の一種。連続な物体を有限個の「要素」に分割し、各要素の特性を単純な数学的モデルで近似し、連立方程式の形にして全体の挙動を解析する。 差分法と比較すると、複雑な形状の解析が容易で、汎用(はんよう)プログラムをつくりやすい、計算上のモデルと実物との対応が明快で使いやすい、などの点が優れている。 また、強力な機能をもつ汎用プログラムが開発されていて、数学やプログラミングの知識がなくても、ブラックボックス的なツールとして工学的センスだけで解析できるので、設計実務に広く使われている。 [戸川隼人] 応用有限要素法は最初、飛行機の翼の詳細な強度計算をするために開発された。平板や曲面の板を縦横に組み合わせて強度をもたせたモノコック構造の計算が可能で、補強材を併用した構造、穴のあいた板、管の継手部分などの解析などによく用いられる。 土木関係では橋梁(きょうりょう)、トンネル、高速道路、ダムの強度計算、津波や河川の流れの計算などに、建築関係では高層ビル、長いスパンの梁(はり)の解析(その応用として、大型ドームの設計)、プラント建設関係では、配管とタンクを含む全体としての振動解析、熱解析、流体解析などに利用される。 近年は非線形問題の計算技術が進歩し専用のソフトウェアが開発された結果、塑性加工のシミュレーション、衝突時の挙動解析、半導体デバイスの設計など、従来の常識を超える高度な応用が可能になった。 また理工学教育において、直感的でわかりやすく、先端技術に直結する教育ツールとして注目されている。 [戸川隼人] 『戸川隼人著『有限要素法へのガイド』(1979・サイエンス社)』▽『鷲津久一郎・山田嘉昭・山本善之・川井忠彦編『有限要素法ハンドブック』全2冊(1981、1983・培風館)』▽『K. J. Bathe著、菊地文雄訳『有限要素法の数値計算』(1996・日本コンピュータ協会)』▽『菊地文雄著『有限要素法概説――理工学における基礎と応用』新訂版(1999・サイエンス社)』▽『黒田英夫著『Visual Basicによる数値解析プログラム』(2002・CQ出版)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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