Organic reaction - organic reaction

Japanese: 有機化学反応 - ゆうきかがくはんのう(英語表記)organic reaction
Organic reaction - organic reaction

A chemical change in which an organic compound itself changes into another compound, or an organic compound interacts with another compound to produce yet another compound. It is also called an organic reaction. It corresponds to an inorganic chemical reaction, but the difference is that organic compounds are composed of covalent bonds, so it takes a lot of energy to break the covalent bonds and cause a chemical change. Therefore, organic chemical reactions are generally slower than inorganic chemical reactions, and the reaction product is often not limited to one type but a complex mixture.

Organic chemical reactions are classified based on the type of covalent bond cleavage that occurs during the reaction: homolysis (also called radical bond cleavage), in which one covalent bond is cleaved to give two free radicals, and heterolysis (also called heterolytic bond cleavage), in which one covalent bond is cleaved to give a cation and an anion ( Figure A ). Reactions caused by the former are called radical reactions, and reactions caused by the latter are called ionic reactions.

Organic chemical reactions can be further classified into unimolecular and bimolecular reactions based on the number of reactant molecules involved in the reaction.

A―→C+D+……(unimolecular reaction)
A+B-→C+D+……(bimolecular reaction)
In an isomerization reaction ( Figure B (1)), in which one molecule of organic compound A is changed into another isomer by the action of heat or light, and in a decomposition reaction, in which one molecule is broken down into two or more simple molecules, the reaction starts with one molecule and is therefore called a unimolecular reaction. In contrast, many other organic chemical reactions occur when organic compound A is reacted with another compound B (which can be either an organic compound or an inorganic compound), and are called bimolecular reactions because they involve a total of two molecules, one molecule of A and one molecule of B. Representative examples of this type of reaction include substitution reactions and addition reactions ( Figure B (2) and (3)). The elimination reaction ((4) in Figure B ) is technically a decomposition reaction in which bromoethane breaks down to ethylene and hydrogen bromide, but it proceeds via a transition state [CH 3 -CH 2 (Br δ- )(HO δ'- )] produced by the combination of two molecules, bromoethane and OH - from sodium hydroxide, making it a bimolecular reaction whose reaction rate is affected by the concentrations of both bromoethane and sodium hydroxide. Conversely, even in a substitution reaction, one of the reactants may first decompose in a unimolecular reaction, and the active molecule generated by the decomposition may react with the second reactant. In this case, two molecules are involved in the reaction, but the speed of the reaction is determined only by the molecule that decomposed first.

Reactions that produce polymers, such as polymerization and condensation, are basically bimolecular reactions. Termolecular reactions are also known to occur occasionally, but the probability of three molecules colliding and reacting at the same time is small, and in most cases, a trimolecular reaction is a reaction that consists of a series of two or more elementary reactions.

[Mr. Hirota November 18, 2016]

"The Simplest Organic Chemical Reactions - Transition States of Proton Transfer" edited by Ohno Junkichi (1997, Maruzen)""Organic Chemical Reactions and Solvents" by Okuyama Itaru (1998, Maruzen)" ▽ "Iwanami Lectures: Introduction to Modern Chemistry 8, Reactions of Organic Compounds" by Sakurai Hideki (2002, Iwanami Shoten)""The Mechanism of Organic Reactions" by Kato Akiyoshi (2004, Sankyo Publishing)""The Mechanism of Organic Reactions as Seen through the Movement of Electrons" by Okuyama Itaru and Sugimura Takashi (2005, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin)""Organic Chemical Reactions" by Matsumoto Masakatsu, Yamada Shinji, and Yokozawa Tsutomu (2005, Asakura Shoten)"

[References] | Ionic reactions | Unimolecular reactions | Covalent bonds | Substitution reactions | Bimolecular reactions | Addition reactions | Organic compounds | Radical reactions
An example of the cleavage of chemical bonds in organic compounds (Figure A)
©Shogakukan ">

Examples of chemical bond cleavage in organic compounds (Figure A...

Example of organic chemical reaction (Figure B)
©Shogakukan ">

Example of organic chemical reaction (Figure B)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

有機化合物自身が他の化合物に変化したり、有機化合物が他の化合物と相互作用をおこしたりして、さらに別の化合物を生ずる化学的変化。有機反応ともいう。無機化学反応に対応する語であるが、有機化合物は共有結合から構成されているので、共有結合を切断して化学変化をおこさせるのに大きなエネルギーを要するという相違点がある。したがって、有機化学反応は、概して無機化学反応に比べて遅く、反応による生成物も1種類とは限らず複雑な混合物を与えることがしばしばおこる。

 有機化学反応は、反応の際におこる共有結合の開裂の様式に基づいて分類され、1本の共有結合が切断されて二つの遊離基(フリーラジカル)を与えるホモリシス(均一結合開裂、ラジカル的結合開裂ともいう)と、1本の共有結合が切断して陽イオンと陰イオンを与えるヘテロリシス(不均一結合開裂、イオン的結合開裂ともいう)がある(図A)。前者により引き起こされる反応をラジカル反応、後者により引き起こされる反応をイオン反応とよんでいる。

 有機化学反応は、反応に関与する反応物の分子数からさらに一分子反応と二分子反応に分類できる。

  A―→C+D+……(一分子反応)
  A+B―→C+D+……(二分子反応)
 1分子の有機化合物Aが、熱や光の作用により他の異性体に変化する異性化反応(図Bの(1))や、1分子が二つ以上の簡単な分子に壊れていく分解反応では、反応が1分子からスタートしているので一分子反応という。これに対して、ほかの多くの有機化学反応は、有機化合物Aに対して他の化合物B(有機化合物でも無機化合物でもよい)を作用させるとおこる反応で、1分子のAと1分子のBの合計2分子が関与する反応であるので、二分子反応といわれている。このタイプの反応の代表としては、置換反応と付加反応がある(図Bの(2)、(3))。脱離反応(図Bの(4))は、形式的にはブロモエタンが壊れてエチレンと臭化水素になる分解反応であるが、ブロモエタンと、水酸化ナトリウムのOH-の2種類の分子が結合して生成する遷移状態[CH3-CH2(Brδ-)(HOδ'-)]を経由して進行するので、反応速度がブロモエタンと水酸化ナトリウムの両方の濃度に影響される二分子反応になる。逆に置換反応でも、最初に反応物の一方が一分子反応により分解して、分解により発生した活性分子が第二の反応物に反応する場合もある。この場合には、反応に2分子が関与しているが、反応の速さは最初に分解した分子だけで決まる。

 重合や縮合などの高分子を生成する反応も、基本的には二分子反応である。三分子反応もまれに知られているが、三つの分子が一度に衝突して反応をおこす確率は小さく、多くの場合、三分子反応は一連の二つ以上の素反応で構成されている反応である。

[廣田 穰 2016年11月18日]

『大野惇吉編著『最も単純な有機化学反応――プロトン移動の遷移状態』(1997・丸善)』『奥山格著『有機化学反応と溶媒』(1998・丸善)』『櫻井英樹著『岩波講座 現代化学への入門8 有機化合物の反応』(2002・岩波書店)』『加藤明良著『有機反応のメカニズム』(2004・三共出版)』『奥山格・杉村高志著『電子の動きでみる有機反応のしくみ』(2005・東京化学同人)』『松本正勝・山田真二・横沢勉著『有機化学反応』(2005・朝倉書店)』

[参照項目] | イオン反応 | 一分子反応 | 共有結合 | 置換反応 | 二分子反応 | 付加反応 | 有機化合物 | ラジカル反応
有機化合物中の化学結合の開裂の例〔図A〕
©Shogakukan">

有機化合物中の化学結合の開裂の例〔図A…

有機化学反応の実例〔図B〕
©Shogakukan">

有機化学反応の実例〔図B〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Organic analysis - organic analysis

>>:  Organic Chemical Industry

Elm
Elm
Blog    

Recommend

Komono [town] - small items

A town in Mie County in the northern part of Mie P...

Solar time - Taiyoji

A time system measured by the solar hour angle. A...

Yusuke Akamatsu

…Around 1697 (Genroku 10), at the same time as Ak...

Marlin drift net - Marlin drift net

...There are various drift net fisheries for flyi...

Cosmic Presence - Uchuu Sonzaido

...Chemical analysis of Earth's materials is ...

Three Estates

The French Estates' assemblies under the anci...

Chiroptera

…A general term for mammals belonging to the orde...

Interest Rate Measures - Kinrisochi

... Accumulation and double-deposits are a way fo...

Circular stone fence

Please see the Stone Circles page. Source: Encycl...

Noboribetsu [city] - Noboribetsu

A city facing the Pacific Ocean in southern Hokkai...

Exophthalmos

...In humans, the orbit and the temporal fossa ar...

Arena

〘noun〙 (arena) 1. A type of theater in which the a...

Kiritsukemono - Cut-out crest

〘 noun 〙 A crest is a pattern made by cutting out ...

Andrássy - Andrássy (English spelling)

(1) Gyula the Great (1823-1890) Hungarian politic...

Obu [city] - Obu

A city in western Aichi Prefecture. It was incorpo...