Vladivostok (English spelling) Владивосток/Vladivostok

Japanese: ウラジオストク - うらじおすとく(英語表記)Владивосток/Vladivostok
Vladivostok (English spelling) Владивосток/Vladivostok

It is the administrative center of Primorsky Krai in the eastern part of the Russian Federation. With a population of 613,100 (1999), it is the second largest city in the area formerly known as the Soviet Far East. It is the terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway and an important Russian port on the Pacific coast. It is located at the southern end of the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula, which juts out from the north into Peter the Great Bay, and is located on the west coast of the peninsula (the eastern shore of Amur Bay) and the hilly area along the Golden Horn, which runs deep into the tip of the peninsula. It is the junction between the Trans-Siberian Railway and various Pacific routes, the eastern terminus of the Arctic Ocean route, and has an airport. The port freezes over in winter, but can be used even in the harsh winter with the assistance of icebreakers, and is an important base for the Russian Navy's Pacific Fleet and Air Force. It is also a base for fishing and crab fishing fleets. Industries include machinery manufacturing (shipbuilding, ship repair, fishing and mining machinery, conveyor equipment, pumps, electrical machinery), construction materials (reinforced concrete structures, large prefabricated building panels), and food products (fish and meat complexes, dairy products, confectionery).

It is also a center of academic research, education, and culture, with the Far Eastern National University, various universities (Far Eastern Industrial University, Fisheries and Food Industry University, Art Education University, Medical University, Business University, Maritime Engineering University), the Far Eastern Branch of the Academy of Sciences, the Pacific Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, the Primorsky Branch of the Russian Geographer's Society, a local museum, a cultural center, a theater, a television station, and more. The west coast of the Muravyov Peninsula is a major Far Eastern resort area, with numerous rest homes, sanatoriums, seaside parks, and swimming beaches. It is a sister city with the cities of Niigata, Akita, and Hakodate. For a long time, it was a military port and foreigners were prohibited from entering, but it was opened to the public on January 1, 1992, and there is now a regular air route between it and Niigata. In April 1996, the Japan Center was opened within the Far Eastern University.

[Masatoshi Mikami and Tsuguo Tonokawa]

history

It was built in 1860, and in 1871 the base of the Siberian fleet was moved here from Nikolayevsk-on-Amur. In 1879, regular shipping routes were opened between Odessa and St. Petersburg. In 1888, it became the capital of Primorsky Krai (now Primorsky Krai). In 1897, a railway line (Ussuri Line) was opened between the city and Khabarovsk, and in 1903, it was directly connected to Moscow by the Trans-Siberian Railway. Immediately after the Russian Revolution (1917), Soviet power was established for a time, but in April 1918, Japanese and British troops landed and invaded, and in August, American troops joined. The power in the city changed rapidly. At first, during the Czech Legion rebellion (June 1918), an anti-Bolshevik Provisional Siberian Government was established, and then Kolchak's troops took control of the city. However, in January 1920, a citizen uprising was successful, and a regime led by the Bolsheviks was established. This was put down by the Japanese army in April, but the Japanese army was forced to withdraw in the autumn, and the city returned to the hands of the pro-Bolshevik Far Eastern Republic Army. In May 1921, the intervention army again succeeded in a counter-revolution, but in October of the following year, the city was recaptured by the Far Eastern Republic Army again, and in November, the city finally came under the control of the Soviet regime. In 1991, the Soviet regime was dissolved.

[Tsuguo Tonokawa and Takeo Kuryuzawa]

[References] | Primorsky Krai | Kolchak | Trans-Siberian Railway | Khabarovsk

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ロシア連邦東部、沿海地方の行政中心都市。人口61万3100(1999)で「ソ連極東」とよばれていた地域の第二の大都市。シベリア鉄道幹線の終点で、太平洋岸におけるロシアの重要港。ピョートル大帝湾に北から突出するムラビヨフ・アムールスキー半島の南端にあり、半島の先端に深く湾入する「金角湾」沿岸の丘陵地とそれに続く同半島の西海岸(アムール湾の東岸)に位置する。シベリア鉄道と太平洋諸航路との連絡地で、北極海航路の東方の終点であり、空港がある。港は冬には結氷するが、砕氷船の援助で厳冬にも使用でき、ロシア海軍の太平洋艦隊および空軍の重要な基地がある。漁業やカニ漁の船団根拠地ともなっている。機械製造(造船、船舶修理、漁業・鉱山用機械、コンベヤー装置、ポンプ、電機)、建設資材(鉄筋コンクリート構造物、組立式建築大型パネル)、食料品(魚類と精肉の両コンビナート、乳業、菓子)などの工業がある。

 国立極東総合大学、単科諸大学(極東工業、漁業食品工業、芸術教育、医科、商科、海運技師)、科学アカデミーの極東支部、太平洋漁業海洋学研究所、地理学会沿海地方支部、郷土博物館、文化会館、劇場、テレビジョン放送局などがあって、学術研究、教育、文化の中心地でもある。ムラビヨフ半島の西海岸は極東の大保養地で、多数の憩いの家やサナトリウム、臨海公園、海水浴場などがある。新潟、秋田、函館(はこだて)各市と姉妹都市となっている。長く軍港として外国人立入り禁止となっていたが、1992年1月1日開放され、現在は新潟との間に定期航空路が通じている。96年4月には極東大学内に「日本センター」が開設された。

[三上正利・外川継男]

歴史

1860年に建設され、71年にニコラエフスク・ナ・アムーレからシベリア艦隊の基地がこの地に移された。1879年オデッサおよびペテルブルグとの間に定期航路が開かれた。88年には沿海州(現沿海地方)の州都となる。1897年ハバロフスクとの間に鉄道(ウスリー線)が通じ、1903年からは直接モスクワとシベリア横断鉄道で結ばれるようになった。ロシア革命(1917)の直後、一時ソビエト権力が成立したが、1918年4月、日本とイギリス軍が上陸、進攻し、8月にはアメリカ軍も加わった。市の権力はめまぐるしく変わった。当初チェコ軍団の反乱の最中(1918年6月)に反ボリシェビキの臨時シベリア政府が成立し、ついでコルチャーク軍が市を支配した。だが1920年1月には市民の蜂起(ほうき)が成功し、ボリシェビキを中心とする体制が成立した。これは4月、日本軍により鎮圧されたが、秋には日本軍も撤退を余儀なくされ、市は親ボリシェビキ的な極東共和国軍の手に帰した。1921年5月、ふたたび干渉軍による反革命が成功するが、翌22年10月には再度、極東共和国軍により奪回され、11月、最終的にソビエト政権の下に入った。1991年ソビエト政権は解体された。

[外川継男・栗生沢猛夫]

[参照項目] | 沿海地方 | コルチャーク | シベリア鉄道 | ハバロフスク

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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