Code name for the American atomic bomb project during World War II. In 1939, a recommendation letter from A. Einstein to President F. Roosevelt was sent out, which led to the creation of the Uranium Advisory Committee, the first government organization, in order to build an atomic bomb before Germany did. In 1940, the United States and Great Britain began exchanging research information. The government's Office of Scientific Research and Development, which was in charge of the atomic bomb project, decided in December 1941 to fully expand and strengthen the project, and in August 1942, a department in the Army Corps of Engineers, codenamed the Manhattan District, was established to handle the atomic bomb, with Colonel L. Groves as its chief. The joint management between the Office of Scientific Research and Development and the Army ended in May 1943, after which the Manhattan District of the Army took over management. On December 2, 1942, the University of Chicago's Metallurgical Laboratory (code name) successfully conducted an atomic fission chain reaction experiment, and research and production to complete the atomic bomb was carried out at the Atomic Energy Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico (established in the spring of 1943, under Director J. Oppenheimer), and the first atomic bomb in history was successfully tested (using plutonium 239) in Alamogordo, New Mexico on July 16, 1945. The Manhattan District was abolished at the end of 1946 after the war, and its duties were taken over by the Atomic Energy Commission, which was established in January 1947. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
第2次世界大戦中に行われたアメリカの原子爆弾製造計画の暗号名。 A.アインシュタインから F.ルーズベルト大統領にあてた 1939年8月2日付の勧告書がきっかけとなり,原爆製造をドイツより先んずるため,同年最初の政府機構であるウラン諮問委員会ができ,40年からアメリカとイギリスの間に研究情報の交換が始った。原爆計画担当となった政府の科学研究開発局は 41年 12月に同計画を本格的に拡充,強化することを決定,42年8月陸軍工兵団のなかに原爆製造担当の「マンハッタン管区」という暗号名の部門を設置,L.グローブス大佐が最高責任者に選ばれた。科学研究開発局と陸軍との共同管理は 43年5月に終り,その後は陸軍のマンハッタン管区が管理した。 42年 12月2日シカゴ大学の「冶金研究所」 (暗号名) は原子核分裂の連鎖反応実験に成功,原爆を完成する研究,製造はニューメキシコ州ロスアラモスの原子力研究所 (1943年春設立,所長 J.オッペンハイマー) で行われ,45年7月 16日ニューメキシコ州アラモゴードで史上最初の原爆実験に成功した (プルトニウム 239を使用) 。マンハッタン管区は戦後の 46年末に廃止され,その任務は 47年1月にできた原子力委員会に引継がれた。
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