An opening in a wall or roof of a building through which people do not enter or exit. The main purpose of windows in buildings is to let in light and ventilate, but they can also be used for views and surveillance, and sometimes as escape routes in emergencies. Depending on the purpose of the building (for example, a factory building that requires constant temperature and humidity), a so-called windowless building may be constructed, but in general living spaces, openings that directly face the outside air must be provided according to the room size, as stipulated in the Building Standards Act (Article 28 of the Act, Articles 19, 20, and 109 of the Enforcement Order of the Act), and if this condition is not met, alternative facilities must be provided. Windows usually open at eye level when viewed from inside the building, but they can also be installed in unusual places depending on their function. Windows that are installed on the floor are called sweep windows, those installed above the internal height (the height of the entrance lintel) are called transoms, and those installed in the roof are called skylights. Windows that protrude from the surface of the exterior wall of the building's framework (the main structural part of the building) are called bay windows. If the indoor ceiling or attic is extremely high, a top roof may be installed and its side may be used as a window; these are called clerestory windows and are used in factory architecture and Gothic church architecture. [Yamada Koichi] Opening and closing mechanismWindows come in a wide variety of shapes depending on their purpose, opening and closing mechanism, materials, building structure, and other factors, and when design requirements are also taken into account, the number of different types is truly limitless. First, they can be classified according to their opening and closing mechanism as follows: (1) Fixed-in windows. These are windows that cannot be opened or closed, with glass or other materials set into a frame fixed to the building structure, and are used primarily for lighting and views. If all openings to the outside are fixed-in windows, natural ventilation is completely impossible, so in that case a complete air conditioning system is required. (2) Sliding doors. Most commonly seen in Japanese-style architecture, this mechanism allows multiple fittings to move horizontally along grooves or rails on the threshold or lintel to open and close. Fittings can be fixed at any position on the rails, making it easy to adjust the amount of light and ventilation. Le Corbusier noticed this feature and used it in Europe, and since then it has been re-imported to Western-style architecture in Japan. There are often two or four fittings, and in this case two rails allow the door to open up to half the width of the opening. In the case of a three-panel sliding door, three rails are used and the fittings are stacked in one place, allowing the door to open up to two-thirds. When the opening width is wider, six sliding doors may be used. Since fittings move horizontally, if they become too long vertically they become difficult to handle, so the aspect ratio is limited to 2:1. (3) Retractable. A fixture that is moved horizontally and retracted behind the wall. A fixture that retracts to one side of the window is called a single-sided window, while a fixture that retracts to both sides is called a double-sided window or a separate window. In either case, there is only one rail. Compared to a sliding door, a sliding door has the advantage that it can be opened to the full width of the window. (4) Raising and lowering. Two pieces of fittings move up and down along grooves on both sides of the window frame. It is essentially a vertical sliding door. There are two types: one that allows the fittings to be moved individually, and one that moves when one piece is moved, with the former using weights to keep the fittings balanced, and the latter by making the weights of the two fittings equal, and both are designed to stop the fittings in any position. The mechanism is suitable for vertical windows, and has a long history in Europe, where such windows were common, but it became popular in Japan with the introduction of Western-style building techniques after the opening of the country in the Meiji era. Unlike sliding doors, the top and bottom of the opening are open, making it more efficient for ventilation, but the mechanism is complicated and prone to malfunctions, so it is not often used today. (5) Double-door. Two doors are attached to either side of the window frame and rotate around a vertical axis to open and close. Those that open outward are called outward-opening, and those that open inward are called inward-opening. These are primarily preferred in Western-style architecture, but in Japan outward-opening doors are called double-doors and have been used for storehouse windows. It goes without saying that a vertically long door is the best shape for these. (6) Single-leaf. A double-leaf door combined into one piece. (7) Tsutsugashi. A type of window with a horizontal axis attached to one side. When used as a window in an exterior wall, the axis is attached to the upper frame of the window for weatherproofing, and the lower part of the window fitting is usually protruded outward to open, but in the case of transoms on partition walls, the upper part may be protruded to allow for better reflection of light and sound. When a tsutsugashi is used as a skylight, it is called tsukiage. In Japan, it was used on the roofs of soan teahouses. (8) Sliding door. Similar to a tsutsushi, but with a mechanism that moves the axis of rotation up and down as the door is opened. Compared to a tsutsushi, the door can be opened at a larger angle, and can be made almost perpendicular to the wall. (9) Rotation. A device that rotates fixtures vertically or horizontally. In either case, the axis of rotation is installed so that it passes through the center of gravity of the fixture, and it can be opened up to 90 degrees. Compared to protruding fixtures, it is more convenient for cleaning the exterior of the fixture. The above are the opening and closing mechanisms commonly used in modern architecture, but other mechanisms such as the roll-up system for fire shutters and the accordion system for privacy are also used as needed. An even more special mechanism is the Musou window. This is used to open and close the "Mushiko windows" found in old townhouses in the Kansai region, and is designed so that a wooden fitting with lattice-like gaps is made to match the dimensions of the Mushiko latticework, which is lined up at regular intervals, and the entire Mushiko window can be opened or closed by moving the fitting horizontally by the width of one latticework. [Yamada Koichi] materialIn wooden shinkabe windows, the fittings are usually set between the threshold and lintel and the pillars on both sides, but in other structures, a separate window frame is made and the fittings are inserted into it. This combination of frame and fittings is called a sash, and depending on the type of material it is made of, it can be called a wooden sash, steel sash, aluminum sash, etc. Metal sashes are generally more waterproof and airtight than wood, but with steel sashes, special care must be taken to prevent rust. In addition to transparent plate glass, frosted glass or frosted glass is used when blocking the view, and tempered glass or wired glass is used when it is necessary for crime prevention or fire prevention. Stained glass is only used for fixed windows, and it is difficult to use it as a movable fitting. In addition, colored glass, corrugated glass, and patterned plate glass are used for light blocking or decoration, and heat absorbing or transparent glass is used for medical facilities, etc., depending on the purpose. Plastic sheets are sometimes used instead of glass. White Japanese paper is used for the shoji paper, but in places where it is likely to rain, oil-painted paper or, in rare cases, cloth is used. [Yamada Koichi] Windows in Japanese ArchitectureJapanese traditional wooden architecture is a frame structure, and the walls are non-load-bearing. In this type of structure, no matter how large the windows are, they do not impede the structure, and in extreme cases, it is even possible to leave all the spaces between the pillars open, which allows for the creation of well-ventilated houses that best fit the assertion that "houses should be built with summer in mind" (Tsurezuregusa), and as a result, architectural spaces that blend in with outdoor gardens and natural scenery are created. Because windows are a medium, they naturally have a wide variety of shapes and designs. In contrast, in Western-style architecture, where masonry construction is the mainstream, walls are load-bearing walls, and making openings in them weakens the structure, so windows have to be small. The lament of a Western architect who said, "The history of building construction is a history of constant efforts to create large windows in walls without compromising their strength" (Jean Gambert, "The Men Who Built Cathedrals") speaks volumes about this. In this type of architecture, even if the walls stand out, the window design naturally becomes monotonous, and especially in masonry buildings, while it is possible to make narrow, vertical windows, it is difficult to make horizontal ones, and if one were to forcefully create one, an arch would have to be built into the top edge of the window, and the use of this arch would only add a small amount of variety to the window shape. The most common opening and closing mechanisms for Japanese windows are sliding or retractable, but the shitomi shutters used in shinden-zukuri architecture are a type of protruding type, and the dodo doors used to close the windows of storehouses in times of emergency are either double-leaf or single-leaf types, and although they are not windows, double-leaf types are not uncommon even in the entrances of shrines and temples and the gates of ordinary residences. It goes without saying that the standard window shape is square, but one unique example is the kato window. This has been used mainly in Zen-style temples since the Kamakura period, and has a curved upper edge reminiscent of a jewel or flame. Shitaji windows are windows in which part of the earthen wall is left unpainted and the komai (latticework) of the wall base is used to resemble a lattice, and they can be square or circular in shape. Large circular windows of this type without the lattice are specifically called Yoshino windows. Renji windows are windows with finely cut vertical lattices and are seen in shrine architecture, and those with the lattice running horizontally are called musha windows. Mushiko windows have plastered vertical lattices arranged at regular intervals and are used as windows in the exterior walls of second-story townhouses, and in the Kansai region they have become one of the decorative features of old townscapes. Windows, especially those in Japanese architecture, often have two or even three layers of doors. Starting from the inside, there is a paper shoji screen, a glass shoji screen, and a rain shutter, and sometimes a screen door to keep out insects is added. [Yamada Koichi] [Reference items] | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
建築物において壁または屋根に設けられる開口部のうち、そこから人間の出入りしないものをいう。建築物に窓をつくる目的は採光および換気を主とするが、眺望、監視のために設けることもあり、ときに緊急時の避難口としても活用される。建物の使用目的によっては(たとえば恒温恒湿状態を必要とする工場建築など)、いわゆる無窓建築をつくることもあるが、一般の居室においては直接外気に面する開口部を室面積に応じてかならず設けなければならないことを建築基準法に規定(同法28条、同法施行令19条・20条および109条)しており、もしその条件を欠くときはこれにかわる設備を完備しなければならない。 窓は屋内から見て目の高さに開くのが普通であるが、機能によっては特異なところにも設けられる。床に接してつくるものを掃出(はきだ)し窓、内法高(うちのりだか)(出入口鴨居(かもい)の高さ)より上に設けるものを欄間(らんま)、屋根に設けるものが天窓である。また躯体(くたい)(建物の主体構造部)外壁の面から張り出してつくるものを出窓という。屋内の天井または屋根裏が著しく高い場合は越(こし)屋根を設け、その側面を窓とすることがあり、高窓またはクリアストリーclearstoryとよばれ、工場建築やゴシック式教会堂建築に応用されている。 [山田幸一] 開閉の機構窓の形状は、その目的、開閉の機構、材料、建物の構造などにより多種多様で、それに意匠上の要請まで加わればその種類はまさに千差万別である。まず開閉の機構に従って分類すれば次のとおりである。 (1)嵌殺(はめころ)し。開閉のできない窓で、建物躯体に固定された枠にガラスなどを建て込み、もっぱら採光、眺望などの用に供されるもの。外部に対する開口をすべて嵌殺しとすれば自然換気はまったく不可能となるので、その場合は完全な空気調整設備を必要とする。 (2)引違い。和風建築にもっとも普通にみられるもので、複数の建具を敷居、鴨居につけられた溝またはレールに沿って水平に移動させ開閉する機構。建具をレール上の任意の位置に止められるので採光や換気の量を調整しやすい。この特徴をル・コルビュジエが注目してヨーロッパで用いて以来、日本の洋風建築にも逆輸入された。建具の数は2枚または4枚の場合が多く、この場合は2本のレールで開口幅の2分の1まで開放することができる。3枚引きの場合はレールを3本とし建具を1か所に重ねることにより最大3分の2まで開放しうる。開口幅が広くなるときは6枚引きとすることもある。建具は水平に移動させるので、その形があまり縦長になると取扱いが困難となり、縦横の比は2対1が限度とされる。 (3)引込み。建具を水平に移動し壁の裏に引き込むもの。窓の片側に引き込むものを片引き、両側に分けて引き込むものを両引きまたは引分けといい、いずれの場合もレールは1本である。引違いに比し窓幅いっぱいを開放できるのが特徴である。 (4)上げ下げ。2枚の建具を窓枠両側の溝に沿って上下に移動させるもの。いわば縦形の引違いである。建具を個々に動かせるようにしたものと、1枚を動かせば他の1枚も連動するものとがあり、前者は分銅を用いて建具と、後者は2枚の建具の重量を等しくすることによって均衡を保ち、いずれも任意の位置で建具を静止できるようくふうされている。機構からいって縦長の窓に適し、そのような形の窓の多かったヨーロッパでの歴史は古いが、日本では明治開国に伴う洋風建築技術の導入とともに流行した。引違いと異なり開口の上下を開放することになるので換気の効率はよいが、なにぶんにも機構が複雑で故障をおこしやすい難があり、現在ではあまり採用されない。 (5)両開き。2枚の建具を窓枠の両側に取り付けた垂直軸を中心に回転させ開閉するもの。外側に開くものを外開き、内側へのものを内開きという。主として洋風建築に好まれるが、日本でも外開きを観音開きと称し土蔵の窓などに用いられてきた。建具の形は縦長が適していることはいうまでもない。 (6)片開き。両開きの建具を1枚にしたもの。 (7)突出し。片開きの軸を水平に取り付けた形。外壁の窓に用いる場合は、雨仕舞(あまじまい)の関係から窓の上枠に軸を取り付け、建具の下側を外方へ突き出して開くのが普通であるが、間仕切り壁の欄間などでは光線や音響の反射を考慮して上側を突き出す場合もある。突出しを天窓に用いた場合は突上げという。日本では草庵(そうあん)茶室の屋根に用いられていた。 (8)辷出(すべりだ)し。突出しに似るが、建具を開くにしたがって回転軸が上下に移動する機構になったもの。突出しに比して建具を開く角度が大きく、壁面に対しほとんど直角にすることができる。 (9)回転。建具を垂直または水平に回転させるもの。いずれも回転軸は建具の重心を通るように取り付け、90度まで開けられる。突出しなどに比し建具の外面を掃除するのに便利である。 以上が現行の建築で普通に採用される開閉機構であるが、このほか防火シャッター用の巻上げ方式や目隠し用のアコーディオン方式なども必要に応じて使用される。さらに特殊なものとして無双(むそう)窓がある。これは関西の古い町家(まちや)にみられる「むしこ窓」の開閉に使用されるもので、一定間隔を置いて並んだむしこ格子の寸法にあわせて格子状のすきまをもつ板の建具をつくり、格子1本の幅だけ建具を水平に移動させればむしこ窓全体の開閉ができるようにくふうされたものである。 [山田幸一] 材料木造真壁(しんかべ)造の窓は、建具を敷居、鴨居と両側の柱の間に建て込むのが普通であるが、その他の構造では別に窓枠をつくり建具をはめる。このような枠と建具とを一体にしたものをサッシといい、その構成材の種類によって木製サッシ、鋼製サッシ、アルミサッシなどとよぶ。一般に木製より金属製のほうが防水性や気密性に優れるが、鋼製ではとくに防錆(ぼうせい)に注意しなければならない。窓ガラスは透明板ガラスのほか、見通しを遮る場合には磨(すり)ガラス、曇りガラスなどを、防犯・防火上必要とするときは強化ガラス、網入りガラスなどを、それぞれ使い分ける。ステンドグラスは嵌殺し窓に限り、移動する建具に使用することは困難である。そのほか色ガラス、波板ガラス、模様をつけた型板ガラスが遮光または装飾用に、熱線吸収または透過ガラスが医療施設用などに、それぞれの目的に応じて使用される。またガラスにかえてプラスチック板の用いられることもある。障子紙には白色和紙を使用するが、雨のかかりやすいところでは油引きの紙、ごくまれには布を使用することもある。 [山田幸一] 日本建築における窓日本の伝統様式である木造建築は架構式構造で、壁は非耐力壁である。この種の構造では窓をいかに大きくとっても構造を阻害せず、極端な場合、柱と柱の間をすべて吹放しとすることすら可能で、「家の作りやうは、夏をむねとすべし」(徒然草(つれづれぐさ))という主張にもっとも適合する通風のよい家屋をつくることができ、結果として屋外の庭園や自然の景観と融合した建築空間をつくった。窓はその媒介となるものであるから、いきおいその形状意匠も豊富になる。これに対し組積式構造を主流とする洋風建築では壁は耐力壁となり、そこへ開口をとることはそれだけ構造を弱めることになり、窓は小さくならざるをえない。「建築工事の歴史は、強度を落とさずに壁体に大きな窓をつくるための絶えざる努力の歴史であった」(ジャン・ジャンベル『カテドラルを建てた人びと』)という西欧建築家の嘆きはこのことを雄弁に物語っている。このような建築では、壁は目だっても窓の意匠はおのずから単調となり、とくに組積式においては構造上、幅の狭い縦長の窓はとれても横長のものは困難で、しいてこれをつくろうとすれば窓上辺にアーチを組まなければならず、このアーチの扱いがわずかに窓の形状に変化を添えるだけである。このような比較からいっても、日本建築における窓の効用は大きいといえる。 日本の窓の開閉機構には引違いや引込みがもっとも多いが、寝殿造で用いられる蔀(しとみ)は一種の突出し型、土蔵の窓を有事の際に閉じる土戸は両開きまたは片開き型で、窓ではないが社寺の出入口や一般邸宅の門でも両開き型は珍しくない。 窓の形は方形が基準であることはいうまでもないが、特異なものとしてまず火灯(花頭(かとう))窓がある。これは鎌倉時代以降、禅宗様寺院を中心に用いられたもので、上辺を宝珠もしくは火炎を思わせる曲線にしている。下地(したじ)窓は土壁の一部を塗り残し、壁下地の小舞(こまい)を格子に見立てた窓で、形は方形のほか円形にする場合もある。この型で格子を除いた大きい円窓はとくに吉野窓とよばれる。連子(れんじ)窓は竪(たて)格子を細かく入れた窓で、神社建築などにみられ、格子を横に通したものが武者窓である。また、むしこ窓は塗込めの竪格子を一定間隔に並べたもので、町家2階の外壁の窓に用いられ、関西地方では古い町並みを飾る一つの風物詩となっている。 窓とくに日本建築の窓では、建具を二重、三重に建て込むことも多い。内側から数えて紙障子、ガラス障子、雨戸を重ね、なおこのほかに虫よけの網戸の加わることもある。 [山田幸一] [参照項目] | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
In ancient times, it was called "Tomiha"...
…Usually referring to orthosilicic acid, H 4 SiO ...
…[Hiroshi Aramata]. … *Some of the terminology th...
…An alternative name for a minority group of peop...
…It is named after the length of the human rectum...
...an annual plant of the Chenopodiaceae family (...
…Machines used in rock-cutting include drilling m...
…In the midst of this crisis, on February 12, the...
…(3) German and Austrian. Grün (leaf), Herz (hear...
1. A sword guard made of silver. Also, a sword gua...
…In contrast, reciprocity between opposing dichot...
A play by Kubo Sakae in two parts and seven acts....
A transportation business using horseback that wa...
...A barometer used to measure minute changes in ...
…The female builds a nest in a tree at a consider...