Mahāmaṇicāma - Maṇicāma

A Buddhist text preached by Tiantai Zhiyi of the Sui dynasty in China, and transcribed and rewritten by his disciple Zhang'an Kanjo. It has 10 volumes (20 volumes each). Together with "Hokke Gengi" and "Hokke Mongu," it is known as the Three Great Lotus Sutras, and both are considered guides to Tendai doctrine. The most famous commentaries on the three great sutras are "Hyanggi Shakusen," "Monguji," and "Fukou Dengu Ketsu" by Jingxi Tanran of the Tang dynasty, and there are many commentaries on the latter. This work considers Zen Master Zhiyi's practice of meditation and contemplation in three types: gradual, indeterminate, and perfect, and asserts that perfect meditation and contemplation is the ultimate way to grasp the truth. The book systematizes all Buddhist Zen contemplation through Shikan, divides the objects of contemplation into ten realms (the eighth realm and onwards are not discussed), and uses ten different contemplation methods for each, comprehensively discussing all training systems in an exhaustive manner. However, it is not just an explanation of practical training methods; it can also be considered a book of religious philosophy organically constructed based on the three contemplations of Emptiness, Impermanence, and the Middle Way, and the four teachings of Zo, Tsu, Separate, and Round, which are also discussed in "Hokke Gengi" and "Hokke Monku." This philosophy is represented by the theory that the ten realms from hell to the Buddha realm are all contained within each other, and the theory of Ichinen Sanzen, which states that the entire universe is inherent in the mind at the moment of our presence.

[Yoshimichi Shioiri]

"Mahashamachathanam (Edited by Sekiguchi Shindai) (Iwanami Bunko)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、隋(ずい)代の天台智顗(ちぎ)が講述し、門下の章安灌頂(かんじょう)が筆録再治した仏書。10巻（各上下20巻）。『法華玄義(ほっけげんぎ)』『法華文句(もんぐ)』とあわせて法華三大部と称され、ともに天台教学の指南とされ、三大部の注釈は唐代の荊渓湛然(けいけいたんねん)の『玄義釈籤(しゃくせん)』『文句記』『止観輔行伝弘決(ふこうでんぐけつ)』が著名で、末疏(まっしょ)は数多い。本書は智顗禅師の実修門である止観を、漸次・不定(ふじょう)・円頓(えんどん)の3種でとらえ、円頓止観こそ究極的な真理把握の方法とする。内容は全仏教の禅観を止観で体系化し、その観法の対象を十境（第八境以下未説）に分け、それぞれに10種類の観法を用い、あらゆる修行体系が余すところなく総合的に論述される。しかし単なる実修方法の解説ではなく、『法華玄義』や『法華文句』にも論ぜられる空・仮(け)・中の三観や蔵・通・別・円の四教により、有機的に構成された宗教哲学書ともいえよう。この思想は地獄から仏界までの十界が互いに具している説や、現前の一瞬の心に全宇宙が内在する一念三千説に代表される。

［塩入良道］

『関口真大校注『摩訶止観』（岩波文庫）』

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