Bosporus Strait

Japanese: ボスポラス海峡 - ぼすぽらすかいきょう(英語表記)Bosporus Strait
Bosporus Strait

A strait that connects the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Marmara. Along with the Dardanelles, it is the point of contact between Asia Minor and Europe. It is 30 kilometers long and 0.6 to 3 kilometers wide. Both banks are relatively steep. During the Persian Wars, Darius I of the Achaemenid Empire is said to have passed through the strait with a bridge of boats to attack Thrace. Byzantium was established at the entrance to the strait as a Greek colony, and in 330 it was renamed Constantinople and became the capital of the Roman Empire. This prosperity made the strait important as a trade route to the Black Sea. The Ottoman Empire built Anadolu Hisar on the Asian coast and Rumeli Hisar on the opposite coast, taking control of the Bosphorus, and occupying Constantinople (renamed Istanbul in 1457) in 1453. After that, the Black Sea became an inland sea of ​​the Ottoman Empire, and foreign ships were prohibited from sailing through the strait. In the 18th century, Russia advanced to the northern shore of the Black Sea and demanded free passage through the straits, and secured an exit to the Mediterranean Sea in the Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarci in 1774. Later, other European countries obtained similar rights, and the Ottoman Empire's control over the Bosphorus weakened. In 1841, Great Britain, France, Prussia, Austria, and Russia established the Straits Agreement, which prohibited unauthorized passage of foreign warships in peacetime. After the Ottoman Empire was defeated in World War I, the International Straits Commission was established in 1918, which took control of the straits and demilitarized the area. In 1936, after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, the International Straits Commission and the demilitarization of the straits were abolished by the Montreux Convention, and the Bosphorus came under the sovereignty of the Republic of Turkey, although with some restrictions. The first suspension bridge across the strait was built in 1973, the second in 1988, and the cross-strait railway tunnel was completed in 2013.

[Kunihiro Shitara]

[References] | Istanbul | Bosphorus Crossing Railway Tunnel

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

黒海とマルマラ海を結ぶ海峡。ダーダネルス海峡とともに小アジアとヨーロッパの接点となっている。長さ30キロメートル、幅0.6~3キロメートル。両岸は比較的切り立っている。ペルシア戦争のおり、アケメネス朝ペルシアのダリウス1世は、トラキア攻撃のため船橋をもって通過したといわれる。ギリシア植民都市として海峡の入口にビザンティウムが成立し、330年コンスタンティノープルと改名されローマ帝国の首都となり、この繁栄によって海峡は黒海方面の交易ルートとして重要となった。オスマン朝は、アジア岸にアナドル・ヒサル、反対岸にルメリ・ヒサルを築きボスポラス海峡を制圧し、1453年コンスタンティノープル(1457年イスタンブールと改名)を占領。以後、黒海はオスマン帝国の内海となり、海峡の外国船の航行は禁止された。18世紀ロシアは黒海北岸に進出、海峡の自由通航権を要求し、1774年クチュク・カイナルジ条約により、地中海への出口を確保した。その後、ヨーロッパ諸国も同様な権利を得、オスマン帝国のボスポラス海峡支配は弱まった。1841年、イギリス、フランス、プロイセン、オーストリア、ロシアの各国は、海峡協定を定め、平時の外国軍艦の無許可通航を禁止した。第一次世界大戦にオスマン帝国が敗れると、1918年国際海峡委員会が成立し、海峡の管理を行い海峡地帯を非武装化した。トルコ共和国成立後の1936年、モントルー条約により、国際海峡委員会、海峡非武装化が廃され、若干の制限があるもののボスポラス海峡はトルコ共和国の主権下に入った。1973年に1本目、1988年に2本目の海峡横断の吊橋(つりばし)が架けられ、さらに2013年には海峡横断鉄道トンネルが完成した。

[設楽國廣]

[参照項目] | イスタンブール | ボスポラス海峡横断鉄道トンネル

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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