The process of manipulating short fibers to make long threads. Natural and synthetic fibers are spun into staple fibers. Although the spinning method varies slightly depending on the fiber, the common basic operations are as follows. (1) Removal of impurities Seeds, stems, branches, soil, and sand are usually removed by mechanical methods. Oils and fats from wool, pectin from hemp, and sericin from silk are removed by scouring using hot water and chemicals. (2) Removal of short fibers Short fibers make the yarn uneven and reduce its strength, so they are removed using machines such as a cotton-mixing machine, a carding machine, and a combing machine. (3) Spreading The raw material is separated and loosened to make it easier to remove impurities and to spin. (4) Sliver production The sliver is made into a long, ribbon-like sliver (shino) by carding. (5) Drawing The sliver is stretched to reduce its thickness and to arrange the fibers in an orderly manner. (6) Twisting and winding The thinned material is twisted to make it into yarn, and then wound to the appropriate size. (7) Finishing the Yarn The finished yarn is wound back into a cylindrical cheese or skein. After this, two strands are twisted together to make a two-ply yarn, or the fuzz is burned off with gas to make a gas yarn. [Shoichi Ishikawa] kindsThe main natural fibers are cotton, wool, linen, and silk, and these have developed into cotton spinning, wool spinning, linen spinning, and silk spinning. In addition to ordinary cotton spinning, there is combed spinning for high-quality products, and rakumen spinning using waste materials. Wool spinning is divided into worsted spinning, which uses high-quality long wool to make thin thread, and woolen spinning, which uses short wool to make thick thread. Hemp spinning is divided into flax spinning, ramie spinning, jute spinning, etc. depending on the raw material, while silk spinning uses waste cocoons that cannot be made into raw silk and regenerated silk thread. When chemical fibers are spun in a blend with natural fibers, the cotton spinning method, worsted method, hemp spinning method, silk spinning method, etc. are applied. When using only chemical fibers, the cotton spinning method is used for short fibers and the worsted method is used for long fibers. [Shoichi Ishikawa] historySpinning has been done by hand since ancient times, and the oldest form is to twist thread with the palms and fingers. Spindles, which rotate to twist thread and then wind it up, have been invented since ancient times and are the oldest of all spinning machines. Primitive methods include the grip spindle, rolling spindle, and hanging spindle methods. All of these are handmade methods that use the hands, fingers, and thighs. With the grip spindle method, bamboo is tied to the end of the long shaft of the spindle, and the spindle is gripped with both hands and rotated while stretching the bamboo to create thread, which is then wound around a suitable object. With the rolling spindle method, a spindle with bamboo tied to the end is inserted into the ground, and it is rolled between the palms of the right and left hands, the thighs, and the shins to add twist, and then stretched appropriately with the left hand, and the resulting thread is wound around the spindle. In the hanging spindle method, a small spindle is hung in the air with a bamboo strip attached to the end, and the spindle is rotated by hand, stretching and twisting the thread under its weight. After several repetitions, the thread grows longer, and when the spindle reaches the ground, the thread is wound around the spindle. Turning the spindle directly by hand in this way changed with the invention of the spinning wheel in the Middle Ages. A small wheel attached to the spindle by a string is quickly turned using a large hand-turned wheel, and the bamboo strip is held in one hand and positioned appropriately to rotate and stretch the bamboo strip into thread. When it has reached the appropriate length, the thread is wound around the spindle. This method of spinning yarn by alternating these operations was practiced in various parts of the world until relatively early modern times, and such spinning wheels were used in Japan until the Edo period. Later, a method was devised to twist and wind the thread simultaneously. It is said that it was Leonardo da Vinci who came up with the idea of attaching an arm (flyer) to the spindle and also fitting a wooden tube (bobbin) for winding the thread to the spindle, and giving the two different rotations to twist and wind the thread. A method based on this principle, known as the Saxony spinning wheel, was put into practical use in Europe and became widely used. In the 18th century, there was remarkable progress in weaving machines, which prompted improvements in spinning, and mechanized spinning has continued to develop to the present day. [Shoichi Ishikawa] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
短い繊維に操作を加えて長い糸につくること。天然繊維のほか、化学繊維をステープルの状態にして紡績する。 紡績の方法は繊維によって多少の差はあるが、共通する基本的操作は次のとおりである。(1)不純物の除去 種子、茎、枝、土砂などは普通、機械的な方法によって除去する。羊毛の油脂分、麻のペクチン質、絹のセリシンなどは、温湯・薬品などを使う精練によって除去する。(2)短繊維の除去 短繊維は糸にむらをつくり、強さを低めるので、混打綿機、開毛機、カード・コーマなどの機械で除去する。(3)開繊 原料のかたまりを分けほぐして、不純物を除去しやすいよう、また紡績しやすいようにする。(4)スライバー製造 カードによって帯状の長いスライバー(篠(しの))にする。(5)延伸 スライバーを引き伸ばして太さを細くし、繊維の配列を整える。(6)加撚(かねん)および巻取り 細くしたものに撚(よ)りを加えて糸とし、適宜の大きさに巻き取る。(7)糸の仕上げ できた糸を円筒形のチーズや綛(かせ)の形に巻き返す。このあと2本あわせて撚りをかけて双糸にしたり、ガスで毛羽を焼き切ってガス糸にしたりする。 [石川章一] 種類天然繊維では、綿、毛、麻、絹がおもで、綿紡績、毛紡績、麻紡績、絹紡績として発達した。綿紡績には、普通のもののほか、高級品をつくるためのコーマを使う紡績や、くずなどを原料とする落綿(らくめん)紡績がある。毛紡績には、優良な長い毛を使って細い糸をつくる梳毛(そもう)紡績と、短い毛で太い糸をつくる紡毛紡績がある。 麻紡績にはその原料別に亜麻(あま)紡績、ラミー紡績、ジュート紡績などがあり、絹紡績は生糸にできない屑繭(くずまゆ)や再生絹糸を用いる。化学繊維の紡績は天然繊維と混紡する場合に、それぞれ綿紡式、梳毛式、麻紡式、絹紡式などが応用される。また、化学繊維だけの場合は、短い繊維のときは綿紡式、長い繊維のときは梳毛式である。 [石川章一] 歴史紡績は古代から手工的に行われ、手のひらや指で撚りをかけて糸としたものがもっとも古い形である。糸に撚りをかけるために回転させ、糸を巻き取るための紡錘(つむ)は古くから案出されており、紡績機械のなかではいちばん古い。この原始的な方法としては、握り錘(つむ)、転がし錘、つるし錘の方法がある。いずれも手、指、股(また)などを利用する手工的なもので、握り錘による方法は、錘の長い軸の先端に篠を結び付け、篠を引き伸ばしながら錘を両手で握って回転させて糸をつくり、できた糸を適当なものに巻き付ける。転がし錘による方法は、先端に篠を結んだ錘を地面に差し込み、これを右手のひらと左手のひらと股・すねなどで転がして撚りを加え、左手で適当に引き伸ばし、できた糸を錘に巻き付ける。つるし錘の方法では、小形の錘を空中につるして先端に篠を結び、錘を手で回転させて、その重みによって延伸し撚りを加える。何回か繰り返して糸が長くなり、錘が地面に届いたら糸を錘に巻き付ける。このように錘を直接手で回すことは、中世の紡車の発明によって変わる。手で回す大きな車によって、紐(ひも)で錘に取り付けた小さい車を速く回し、片方の手で篠を持ち、その位置を適当にとることによって、篠に回転と延伸を与えて糸とする。適当な長さになったとき糸を錘に巻き付ける。交互にこの操作を行って紡績するこの方法は、比較的近世まで世界各地に行われ、日本でも江戸時代までこのような紡車(ぼうしゃ)が使われていた。 このあと、撚りを加えることと、糸を巻き取ることを同時に行う方法が考えられ、錘に腕(フライヤー)を取り付け、また錘に糸を巻き取る木管(ボビン)をはめ、両者に異なる回転を与えて撚りと巻き取りを行わせるようにしたのは、レオナルド・ダ・ビンチであったといわれ、その原理によるサクソニー紡車と称する方法がヨーロッパで実用化され、広く普及した。 18世紀になると織機の進歩が著しく、それが紡績の改良を促し、機械紡績は発達を続け現代に至っている。 [石川章一] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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