Forensic Anthropology

Japanese: 法人類学 - ほうじんるいがく
Forensic Anthropology

This refers to the study of law through anthropological methods. This academic interest began with Mayne and Morgan in the late 19th century, and was established in the 20th century by Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown. The work of these anthropologists came to be seen as the results of a new sociology of law after World War II. Furthermore, with the research on primitive law by anthropologists such as Hoebel and Gluckman, it developed into a new specialized field of social science that focuses on legal phenomena from around 1960. It mainly focused on the indigenous laws of primitive societies regarding kinship, land, and dispute resolution, but the fact that these laws also coexisted in tension with the national laws of newly independent countries after the war was emphasized by legal scholars and political scientists from the 1970s onwards. As a result, the relationship between the indigenous dispute resolution methods and national courts in non-Western countries, and ultimately legal pluralism, became established as an issue. The resulting diversity of legal consciousness and legal culture has also become an issue, and more recently, these issues have sparked interest in alternative judicial methods and legal practices other than state law in Western societies, giving rise to the concept of folk law that spans both Western and non-Western countries.

Although legal anthropology has not yet been established as an independent social science with its name, subject, methodology, and system, it is expected to develop further due to its contemporary significance, as it reflects on the unified Western view of modern law, as symbolized by the North-South problem, focuses on cultural differences in law, and attempts to reconsider law as a form of culture. Asian countries, along with African countries, are an important subject area, and it is therefore expected that Japanese scholars will also actively participate in this new academic field.

[Masashi Chiba]

"Modern Legal Anthropology" by Masashi Chiba (1969, Hokubosha) " "Order and Conflict: An Introduction to Legal Anthropology" by S. Roberts, supervised by Masashi Chiba (1982, Nishida Shoten)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

人類学的方法による法の研究をいう。この学問的関心は、19世紀後半にメーンやモルガンなどから始まり、20世紀にマリノフスキーやラドクリフ・ブラウンらにより基礎づけられ、それら人類学者の業績が、第二次世界大戦後に新しい法社会学の成果とみられるようになった。さらに、ホーベルやグラックマンら人類学者の未開法研究により、1960年前後から法現象を対象とした社会科学の新特殊分野に発展した。それは、未開社会の親族・土地・紛争処理などに関する固有法を主対象としたが、それらも戦後独立した新興国の国家法と対立緊張しつつ併存している事実が、70年代以降法学者・政治学者らの参加により重視された結果、非西欧諸国における固有の紛争処理手段と国家裁判所との関係、ひいて多元的法体制legal pluralismが問題として確立した。また、それに伴う法意識・法文化legal cultureの多元性も問題となり、さらに最近は、それらの問題意識が西欧社会における国家法以外の裁判代替手段や法慣行へも関心を呼び起こし、西欧・非西欧にまたがるfolk lawの観念を生むに至った。

 法人類学は、独立の社会科学としての名称、対象、方法、体系がまだ確立したわけではないが、南北問題に象徴されるように西欧的近代法一元の法律観を反省し、法における文化的差異に着目、法を文化の一形態として見直そうとするもので、その現代的意義からいっそうの発達が期待されている。アジア諸国はアフリカ諸国と並んでその重要な対象領域であり、ゆえにわが国の学者にも積極的な参与が期待されている新しい学問である。

[千葉正士]

『千葉正士著『現代・法人類学』(1969・北望社)』『S・ロバーツ著、千葉正士監訳『秩序と紛争――法人類学入門』(1982・西田書店)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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