Feudal system

Japanese: 封建制度 - ほうけんせいど

A political and social system that exists between ancient society and modern capitalist society. In English, feudalism. It has slightly different connotations conceptually and regionally. (1) The so-called Lehnswesen by German scholars. (2) A relationship of dominance and subordination between lords and peasants based on direct external economic coercion (serfdom). (3) As a social type, it refers to all phenomena of this era, including the ideology and lifestyle of the Lehnswesen and serfdom. It is sometimes distinguished by the term "feudal society." (4) In the broadest sense, it refers to all social systems in which a hierarchy with status privileges exists. → Manor (Western) Generally refers to the political system (Lehnswesen) that was established among feudal aristocrats (with independent power) in medieval Europe. It is based on a bilateral relationship of master and servant between individual aristocrats, mediated by lord-vassal oaths and the transfer of fiefs. Vassals were obligated to provide military service to their lord, to attend service (especially as attendants in feudal courts), and to provide financial assistance in emergencies, while lords were obligated to provide military assistance to their lords and to defend them in public courts. The relationship between the two was regulated by feudal law, and vassals had the right to rebel if their lord violated his obligation of loyalty. The system was established in northern France in the 8th and 9th centuries, and reached its peak in the 12th and 13th centuries. It collapsed with the development of the commodity economy, the emergence of a wide-area economic sphere, and the expansion of royal authority, which regulated it. [China] A system in which clans and noble vassals were fiefdoms in various regions during the Zhou dynasty (established in the 11th century BC) and given status and land. The nobles were obligated to pay tribute and perform military service, and under them were vassals of the ranks of ministers, nobles, and samurai, who were given hereditary status and land. The system differed from Western feudalism in that it was based on clan and blood ties, and in order to strengthen and maintain this system, a system of clan law was established. [Japan] Although the meaning differs depending on how the above Western and Chinese concepts are applied, it generally refers to a decentralized political system based on land annuities and a vassal system, and is applied to the samurai society from the Kamakura period onwards. However, there is also a viewpoint based on Marxist historical materialism, so it is not uniform.
→ Related items County and prefecture system | County and country system | Shofu system | Civil revolution | Squire system | Spring and Autumn Sengoku period | King Wu | Feudal state | Feudal society | Fief

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

古代社会と近代資本主義社会の間に位置する政治・社会体制。英語でfeudalism。概念的また地域的にやや異なる内包をもつ。（１）ドイツの学者のいわゆるレーン制Lehnswesen。（２）直接的な経済外的強制に基づく領主・農民間の支配隷属関係（農奴制）。（３）社会類型の一つとして，レーン制・農奴制を含めてイデオロギーや生活様式などこの時代のすべての現象をさす。とくに〈封建社会〉と呼んで区別することもある。（４）もっとも広義には，身分的特権をもつ階層が存在する社会の制度すべてをさす。→荘園〔西洋〕　一般的には中世ヨーロッパの封建貴族（独立権力をもつ）間に成立した政治体制（レーン制）をさす。主従誓約と封土の授受を媒介とする，貴族個人間の双務的な主従関係に基づく。家臣は主君に軍事奉仕，出仕義務（特に封建法廷での陪席），緊急時の金銭的援助を義務づけられ，主君は家臣に軍事的援助や公的裁判所での弁護を義務づけられる。両者の間柄は封建法によって規制され，主君の誠実義務違反に対しては家臣の反抗権が発動される。制度的には８―９世紀に北フランスに成立，12―13世紀が最盛期。商品経済の発展，広域経済圏の出現とその規制に当たる王権の伸張とともに崩壊した。〔中国〕　周（前11世紀成立）代に一族・功臣などを各地に封じて諸侯とし，身分と土地とを与えた制度。諸侯は貢納・兵役の義務を有し，その下に卿・大夫・士の家臣がそれぞれ世襲の身分・土地を与えられて属していた。氏族的・血縁的であることが西洋の封建制と異なる点で，それを強化・保持するために宗法制が行われた。〔日本〕　上記の西洋および中国の概念の適用いかんで理解が異なるが，一般に土地恩給制と従士制を軸とする分権的政治形態を指し，鎌倉時代以降の武家社会に適用される。なお，マルクス主義の史的唯物論に立脚する観点もあって一様でない。
→関連項目郡県制｜郡国制｜冊封体制｜士農工商｜市民革命｜従士制度｜春秋戦国時代｜武王｜封建国家｜封建社会｜封土

出典　株式会社平凡社百科事典マイペディアについて　情報

<<: The record of the protection of the government

>>: Adventure novel - boukenshosetsu