An airspace designated by each country for the purposes of national defense, separate from its own territorial airspace. It is abbreviated as ADIZ. It is an area where constant air defense surveillance is conducted, aircraft that enter the area without submitting a flight plan in advance are required to identify and prove their identity, and if there is a possibility of an infringement of the airspace, military preventive measures are taken and control is exercised. Japan's air defense identification zone generally overlaps with the territorial waters (12 nautical miles), but the Northern Territories and the Ogasawara Islands are not included in the air defense identification zone, even though they are on the country's territory or airspace. At the speed of an aircraft, it takes only a few minutes to cover a distance of 12 nautical miles. For this reason, the air defense identification zone is generally set wider than the territorial waters over which sovereignty extends. Aircraft that enter the air defense identification zone without permission are removed from the zone with a warning or threat, such as by scrambling fighter jets. However, regardless of whether it is an air defense identification zone or not, attacks such as interception or shooting down cannot be carried out outside the country's airspace. In addition, there are flight information regions (FIRs) that are assigned internationally for the safety of civil aircraft air traffic and are managed by each country, and in Japan, there is a controlled airspace under the jurisdiction of the Civil Aviation Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Aircraft flying from abroad are required to report their flight plans to the control agency, and to notify the Self-Defense Forces' air defense surveillance agency if they take an unplanned route. Unlike territorial airspace, air defense identification zones are not set by international law, but are merely set by each country. Furthermore, their scope is not necessarily publicly known. However, if the air defense identification zones of multiple countries overlap, various operational problems will occur, such as air traffic control conflicts and patrol gaps. For this reason, a certain division of airspace and operational agreements have been made as international common sense. The Air Defense Identification Zone that China established in the East China Sea in November 2013 has been viewed as a major deviation from this standard. (Writer Toshihide Kanaya / 2013) Source : "Chiezo" published by Asahi Shimbun Publications Co., Ltd. About Chiezo |
国防上の必要性から、各国がその領空とは別に定めた空域。略称ADIZと呼ばれる。常時防空監視を行い、あらかじめ飛行計画を提出せずここに進入する航空機に識別と証明を求め、領空侵犯の可能性があるものとみなせば軍事的予防措置などを行使し統制するという範囲。 日本の防空識別圏はおおむね領海(12カイリ)周辺と重なるが、北方領土や小笠原諸島などは領土・領空上であっても防空識別圏には入っていない。航空機の速度では12カイリ程度の距離は数分を要しない。このため、防空識別圏は、主権の及ぶ領海よりも一般には広く設定されることが多い。防空識別圏に無断進入した航空機に対しては、戦闘機の緊急発進(スクランブル)などにより警告や威嚇をもって圏内からの排除が行われる。ただし、防空識別圏であるかどうかにかかわらず、領空外で迎撃・撃墜などの攻撃を行うことはできない。また、これとは別に民航機の航空交通安全のために国際的に割り当てられ、各国が分掌管理する飛行情報区(FIR)があり、日本では国土交通省航空局の所轄する管制空域がある。国外から飛来する航空機は、管制機関への飛行計画を届け出るとともに、計画外の経路をとる場合は自衛隊の防空監視機関などに通報することが求められている。 なお、防空識別圏は領空のように国際法に定められたものではなく、各国が独自に設定しているに過ぎない。更に、その範囲が必ずしも公知されているとは限らない。しかしながら、複数の国家の防空識別圏が交錯すると、航空管制の衝突や哨戒の空白が生じるなど、その運用に様々な支障をきたす。このため、国際常識として空域の一定の切り分けや運用上の合意がなされている。 2013年11月、中国が東シナ海に設定した防空識別圏は、これを大きく逸脱するものとして問題視されている。 (金谷俊秀 ライター / 2013年) 出典 (株)朝日新聞出版発行「知恵蔵」知恵蔵について 情報 |
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