Phoenix

Japanese: 鳳凰 - ほうおう
Phoenix

A mythical bird of ancient China. The phoenix is ​​one of the four spirits, along with the kirin, turtle, and dragon, and was considered an auspicious bird that appears when a virtuous gentleman becomes emperor. For example, it is said that when the ancient sage emperor Yellow Emperor ruled the world, a phoenix flew to the palace and played in the suburbs, and it is said that the phoenix appeared again during the reign of Shun, another sage emperor. It is said that the phoenix lives in the paulownia tree, eats bamboo fruit, and drinks water with a rich spring. Males are sometimes called phoenix and females huang. Like the kirin and dragon, the appearance of the phoenix has become extremely bizarre as time has passed. According to the Shan Hai Jing (Classic of Shan Hai), the phoenix's appearance is similar to that of a chicken, its feathers are colored in five colors, and the characters for virtue (neck), righteousness (wings), courtesy (back), benevolence (chest), and faith (belly) are written on each part of its body. One theory is that the reason the phoenix was thought of as a multi-colored bird was due to the influence of the peacock, which was brought to China, but since the character for phoenix already appears on oracle bone inscriptions from the Yin dynasty and it was the object of worship as the god of wind, this is thought to be the prototype of the phoenix.

[Tota Kirimoto August 21, 2017]

Phoenix design

The phoenix design was introduced to Japan from the Six Dynasties period in China at the end of the Kofun period, and has since been used in various craft designs as an auspicious motif to this day. The "Gilded bronze double phoenix design, openwork apricot leaves (Gyoyo)" (Nara National Museum), from the Kofun period, excavated from Anashi Tamakiyama Tomb No. 3 in Sakurai City, Nara Prefecture, is one of the oldest phoenix designs in Japan. In addition to designs that are depicted alone, such as the "circle phoenix," there are also designs that take a bilaterally symmetrical form as "double phoenixes," or designs that are combined with paulownia, bamboo, or peonies.

[Muramoto Yu]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中国古代の想像上の瑞鳥(ずいちょう)。鳳凰は麒麟(きりん)、亀(かめ)、竜とともに四霊の一つに数えられ、徳の高い君子が天子の位につくと出現するというめでたい禽鳥(きんちょう)と考えられた。たとえば、太古の聖帝である黄帝(こうてい)が天下を治めたときには宮廷に鳳凰が飛来し、麒麟が郊外で戯れたと伝えられ、同じく聖帝の1人である舜(しゅん)の治世にも、ふたたび鳳凰が現れたとされている。梧桐(ごとう)の木に宿り、竹の実を食べ、醴泉(れいせん)を飲むと伝えられ、雄を鳳、雌を凰と分けて称することもある。鳳凰の姿は麒麟や竜と同様、時代が下るにつれてすこぶる奇怪な姿となっていった。『山海経(せんがいきょう)』によると鳳凰の外形はニワトリのようで、羽毛は五色に彩られ、体の各部にはそれぞれ徳(首)、義(翼)、礼(背)、仁(胸)、信(腹)の字が浮かび出ていたという。鳳凰が多色の鳥と考えられたのは、中国にもたらされたクジャクの影響によるとする説もあるが、鳳の字がすでに殷(いん)代の甲骨文字にみえ、風の神として祭祀(さいし)の対象となっていることから、これが鳳凰の原型と思われる。

[桐本東太 2017年8月21日]

鳳凰文

日本には古墳時代末期に中国六朝(りくちょう)より鳳凰文が伝えられ、以後今日まで吉祥(きちじょう)模様として各種の工芸意匠に賞用された。奈良県桜井市穴師珠城山(あなしたまきやま)3号墳から出土した古墳時代の『金銅製双鳳文透彫杏葉(ぎょうよう)』(奈良国立博物館)は、わが国最古の鳳凰文の一つである。鳳凰文には、「鳳凰の丸」のように単独に表されているもののほかに、「双鳳(そうほう)」として左右相称の形式をとるもの、あるいは桐・竹・牡丹(ぼたん)などと組み合わせて表されるものなどがある。

[村元雄]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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