This disease of crops is caused by the parasitism of filamentous fungi (molds) belonging to the flagellate fungus family, Peronosporaceae. Molds of the Peronosporaceae family have mycelium without septa, invade the intercellular spaces of the host plant, and absorb nutrients by inserting a special organ called a haustoria from the mycelium into the host cell. They are characterized by being live parasitic (also called pure parasitic), and cannot be cultivated artificially. Molds of the Peronosporaceae family are divided into eight genera, including the Peronospora genera and Sclerospora genera, based on differences in the morphology of the conidiophores and the germination method of the conidia, and all of them are important pathogens of downy mildew on crops. Representative examples include downy mildew on melons, leeks, radishes, Chinese cabbage, spinach, grapes, roses, soybeans, etc. Both diseases mainly occur on leaves, producing yellowish-green to yellowish angular spots limited to the veins. When humidity is high, characteristic white to grey mold (conidia) forms on the underside of the lesions. Older lesions turn brown, but when the disease is severe, the entire leaf develops spots and the leaf quickly withers. The disease is often limited to the leaves, rarely occurring on stems or fruits, but in some cases, such as downy mildew on onions, spinach, and soybeans, and corn downy mildew, which is important in Southeast Asia, the pathogen penetrates the growing point of the plant. In such cases, the entire plant turns yellowish-green, growth is delayed, the plant becomes malformed, and the damage is extensive. Control is carried out by spraying chemicals such as copper, TPN, and metalaxyl. Bordeaux mixture, which was the origin of spraying pesticides to prevent crop diseases, was developed to control downy mildew on grapes. [Toshihiro Kajiwara] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
作物の病気で、鞭毛(べんもう)菌類ツユカビ科に属する糸状菌(カビ)の寄生によっておこる。ツユカビ科Peronosporaceaeのカビは、隔膜のない菌糸体をもち、宿主植物の細胞間隙(かんげき)に侵入、菌糸体から宿主の細胞内に吸器という特別の器官を差し込んで栄養を吸収し、活物寄生性(純寄生性ともいう)で人工培養ができないなどの特徴をもっている。ツユカビ科のカビは、分生子柄の形態、分生胞子の発芽法の違いによって、ペロノスポラPeronospora属、スクレロスポラSclerospora属など8属に分けられているが、いずれも重要な作物のべと病の病原菌となっている。代表的なものに、ウリ類、ネギ類、ダイコン、ハクサイ、ホウレンソウ、ブドウ、バラ、ダイズなどのべと病がある。いずれも主として葉に発生し、黄緑色から黄色の葉脈に限られた角斑(かくはん)状の斑点ができる。湿度が高いときには病斑の裏面に特徴のある白色から灰色のカビ(分生胞子)を一面に形成する。古くなった病斑は褐色になるが、発生がひどいときには、葉全体に病斑ができ早く枯れ上がる。発生は葉に限られていることが多く、茎や果実にはほとんど発生をみないが、ネギ類、ホウレンソウ、ダイズのべと病や東南アジアで重要なトウモロコシべと病のように病原菌が植物の成長(生長)点に侵入するものがある。このような場合は植物体全体が黄緑色となり、生育が遅れ、奇形になり、被害が大きくなる。防除は銅剤、TPN剤、メタラキシル剤などの薬剤を散布して行う。なお、農薬を散布して作物の病気を防ぐ端緒となったボルドー液は、ブドウべと病を防除するために開発されたものである。 [梶原敏宏] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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