Vedanta School - Vedanta School

Japanese: ベーダーンタ学派 - べーだーんたがくは(英語表記)Vedānta
Vedanta School - Vedanta School

The most influential school among the six schools of Indian philosophy. Vedanta means "the end of the Vedic scriptures" or "the secret of the Vedic scriptures," and originally referred to the Upanishads, but later became the name of the Vedanta school, which systematically interprets the Upanishads. This school is thought to have existed as early as the 3rd century BC, and is a sister school of the Mimamsa school. Badarayana, who is considered to be the founder of this school in later generations, appeared in the 1st century BC and emphasized the recognition of Brahman (Brahman) as a means to liberation, clearly distinguishing it from the Mimamsa school, which emphasized the performance of rituals. In the 5th century, the school's fundamental scripture, the Brahma Sutra, was compiled into its current form. This scripture, in opposition to the dualism of pure spirit and original matter preached by the Samkhya school, which was influential at the time, developed a monism that sees pure spirit Brahman as the sole cause of the world. With the appearance of this book, the Vedanta school was established as a school whose main goal was the study of Brahman. Later, under the influence of Mahayana Buddhism, the school became illusionist. To give one example, the 7th century Māndukya-sūtra by Gaudapada was significantly influenced by Yogacara thought.

However, in the first half of the 8th century, his grandson, Shankara, incorporated Buddhism into Vedanta philosophy. As a result, the realist monism of the Brahma-Sutra, which holds that Brahman, the individual self, and the phenomenal world are all real, was transformed into an illusionist monism (non-dual monism), which holds that only Brahman is real and that the individual self and the phenomenal world are illusions. He also considered the recognition of Brahman to be the only means to liberation and denied action. In the second half of the 8th century, Bhaskara criticized Shankara and attempted to revive traditional realist monism and the theory of the union of knowledge and action, but failed. In the 11th century, Ramanuja, against the backdrop of the growing worship of Vishnu through devotion, brought Vedanta back to the side of realism and reevaluated action. He criticized Shankara and advocated the theory of non-dualism, which holds that Brahman, the individual self, and the material world are all real, and that the latter is the body of the former. He identified Brahman with Vishnu and preached devotion to God, but this devotion was strongly colored by intellect. In the 12th and 13th centuries, Madhva took the theory of reality even further, arguing that Brahman, the individual self, and the material world are all real, but each is clearly distinct, and advocated a realist theory of non -dualism. In the 14th century, Nimbarka, influenced by Ramanuja, taught that Brahman, the individual self, and the material world are all real, and that they are not one and the same ( non-different theory ). He then identified Brahman with Krishna, returning devotion to its original emotional nature, and founded the so-called romantic devotion. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Ballabha took the theory of non-dualism even further. His theory is pure monism , and he claims that Brahman, the individual self, and the phenomenal world are both pure spirit and are indistinguishable from each other. The Vedanta school has since influenced many thinkers, including modern thinkers such as Vivekananda and Tagore, and continues to do so to this day.

[Island Rock]

[References] | Badarayana | Brahma Sutra | Six Schools of Philosophy

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

インドの六派哲学中でもっとも有力な学派。ベーダーンタとは「ベーダ聖典の終わり」「ベーダ聖典の極意(ごくい)」の意味で、本来はウパニシャッドをさしたが、のちにウパニシャッドの体系的解釈を行うベーダーンタ学派の名称となった。本学派は紀元前3世紀ころすでに存在していたと考えられ、ミーマーンサー学派とは姉妹関係にある。後世この学派内部で開祖とみなされるバーダラーヤナが、前1世紀に現れ、解脱(げだつ)とその手段としてのブラフマン(梵(ぼん))の認識を重視して、祭式の実行を重視するミーマーンサー学派との相違を明確にした。5世紀には、本学派の根本聖典『ブラフマ・スートラ』が、現存する形に編纂(へんさん)された。この聖典は、当時有力だったサーンキヤ学派の説く純粋精神と原物質の二元論に対抗して、純粋精神ブラフマンを唯一の世界原因とする一元論を展開した。本書の出現で、ベーダーンタ学派は、ブラフマンの考究を最大の課題とする学派として確立した。その後、大乗仏教の影響を受け、本学派は幻影主義化した。一例をあげれば、7世紀のガウダパーダ作『マーンドゥーキヤ頌(じゅ)』には唯識(ゆいしき)思想の影響が著しい。

 しかし、8世紀前半になると、彼の孫弟子シャンカラが逆に仏教をベーダーンタ哲学に取り込んだ。そのため、ブラフマンと個我と現象世界がともに実在であるとする『ブラフマ・スートラ』の実在論的一元論は、ブラフマンのみが実在で個我と現象世界は幻影であるとする幻影主義的一元論(不二一元論(ふにいちげんろん))へと変容した。また彼は、ブラフマンの認識のみを解脱の手段と考え、行為を否定した。8世紀後半には、バースカラがシャンカラを批判し、伝統的な実在論的一元論と知行併合(ちぎょうへいごう)論の復活を図ったが果たせなかった。11世紀に入ると、ラーマーヌジャが、信愛によるビシュヌ神崇拝の高まりを背景として、ベーダーンタ哲学を実在論の側に引き戻し、行為を再評価した。彼はシャンカラを批判し、ブラフマンと個我・物質世界とはともに実在で、後者は前者の身体であるとする制限不二論(せいげんふにろん)を唱えた。そして、ブラフマンをビシュヌ神と同一視し、神への信愛を説いたが、その信愛は知の色彩が濃かった。12、13世紀には、マドバが、実在論をさらに推し進め、ブラフマンと個我と物質世界はともに実在で、おのおの明確に異なる存在であると主張して、実在論的な別異論を唱えた。14世紀には、ニンバールカが、ラーマーヌジャの影響を受け、ブラフマンと個我・物質世界とはともに実在で、両者は不一不異であると説いた(不一不異説)。そして、ブラフマンをクリシュナ神と同一視し、信愛を本来の情的なものに戻して、いわゆる恋愛的信愛を創始した。15、16世紀には、バッラバが不異説をさらに徹底させた。彼の説は純粋一元論で、ブラフマンと個我・現象世界とは、ともに純粋精神であり不異であるとしている。その後、ベーダーンタ学派は、近代のビベーカーナンダ、タゴールをはじめ多くの思想家に影響を与え続け、現代に至っている。

[島 岩]

[参照項目] | バーダラーヤナ | ブラフマ・スートラ | 六派哲学

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