Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen

Japanese: ブンゼン - ぶんぜん(英語表記)Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen
Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen

German chemist and pioneer of spectrochemical chemistry. Born in Göttingen as the youngest of four children, Bunsen's father was a professor of modern linguistics at the University of Göttingen, and his mother was the daughter of an officer in the Hanover royal family of England. Many of his paternal relatives were coin minting craftsmen. Bunsen studied at the University of Göttingen, and studied chemistry under Friedrich Stromeyer (1776-1835), who discovered cadmium in 1817. In 1830, at the age of 19, he obtained his doctorate in physics research, and from 1830 to 1833 he traveled around Japan and Europe, visiting machine factories, conducting geological surveys, and studying mineralogy. He also visited and learned from many chemists, including J. Liebig, E. Mitscherlich, and F. Runge (discoverer of aniline). In 1833 he became a private lecturer at the University of Göttingen, and in 1836 he was invited to become a professor at the Higher Technical School in Kassel, succeeding F. Wöhler. In 1838 he moved to the University of Marburg, where he served as a professor in 1841, at the University of Breslau in 1851, and at the University of Heidelberg from 1852 to 1889 (successor to L. Gmelin).

In the early stages of his research, he conducted research in the field of physiological chemistry, such as discovering an antidote for arsenic poisoning through his research into the insolubility of metallic arsenite salts, but in Cassel he switched to pure chemistry and studied cacodylate, a poisonous organic compound containing arsenic, publishing five papers between 1837 and 1842. In this research, he claimed to have discovered a free cacodylate group (C 4 H 12 As 2 ), which supported the "group theory" proposed by Liebig and Wöhler, but he soon withdrew from the group discussion. Shortly after starting his research into cacodylate, cacodylate cyanide exploded in a closed test tube, causing him to lose the sight in one eye.

In parallel with these efforts, he also researched the improvement of the thermal efficiency of furnaces and attempted to improve batteries, using carbon electrodes instead of expensive platinum electrodes, expanding the use of these in factories and other places. At the beginning of his time at Heidelberg, he used improved batteries to conduct research on electrolysis, and isolated pure metals such as chromium, manganese, and magnesium in 1852, followed by aluminum (1854), sodium, barium, calcium, and lithium (all in 1855). He also invented the ice calorimeter to obtain precise atomic weights by measuring specific heat. Starting from the fact that bright light could be obtained by burning magnesium in wire form, he studied photochemistry with his student H. Roscoe from 1852 to 1862, quantitatively investigating the reaction in which a mixture of hydrogen and chlorine is converted into hydrogen chloride by light, and discovered that the amount of the reaction product is proportional to the product of the intensity of the irradiated light and the exposure time.

In 1855, he invented the Bunsen burner, and used it to systematically investigate the flame color reactions of elements in collaboration with physicist Kirchhoff. He confirmed that the presence of elements could be identified by the position of spectral lines even with minute sample amounts, and created an analytical device to determine the exact position of these lines (1859). This device was a new spectroscope consisting of a Bunsen burner, an empty cigar box, a triangular prism, and two old telescopes. Using this spectroscope, Bunsen and Kirchhoff discovered the new elements rubidium and cesium in the spring water of Dürkheim the following year in 1860. In the same year, the two published "Chemical Analysis by Spectroscopic Observations". After that, other researchers used the spectroscope to discover new elements such as thallium (1861), indium (1863), gallium (1875), scandium (1879), and germanium (1886), and spectrochemistry developed rapidly. Bunsen remained single throughout his life and devoted himself to research and teaching, and many successful chemists were trained under him.

[Taoist Master]

“Theodor CurtiusRobert Bunsen (ed. by Edward Farber “Great Chemists” pp. 575-581, 1961, Interscience Pub. New York)”“Susan G. SchacherBunsen (“Dictionary of Scientific Biography” pp. 586-590, 1970-1981. Charles Scribner's Sons)”

[References] | Flame color reaction | Kirchhoff | Ice calorimeter | Spectroscopy | Bunsen burner | Roscoe

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの化学者。分光化学の開拓者。ゲッティンゲンで4人兄弟の末子として生まれる。父はゲッティンゲン大学の現代言語学の教授。母はイギリスのハノーバー王家の士官の娘。父方の親族には貨幣鋳造の工匠が多かった。ブンゼンはゲッティンゲン大学に学び、化学は1817年にカドミウムを発見したストロマイヤーFriedrich Stromeyer(1776―1835)に師事した。1830年、19歳で物理学上の研究で博士号を取得、1830年から1833年にかけて国内およびヨーロッパ各地を回り、機械工場見学、地質調査、鉱石学研究などを行い、またJ・リービヒ、E・ミッチェルリヒ、F・ルンゲ(アニリンの発見者)ら多数の化学者を訪れ、広く学習した。1833年にゲッティンゲン大学私講師となり、1836年F・ウェーラーの後任としてカッセルの高等工芸学校教授に招かれ、1838年マールブルク大学に移り、1841年同大学教授、1851年ブレスラウ大学教授、1852~1889年ハイデルベルク大学教授(L・グメーリンの後任)を務めた。

 研究の初期には、亜ヒ酸金属塩の不溶性に関する研究からヒ素毒の解毒剤を発見するなど、生理化学分野の研究を行ったが、カッセルでは純化学分野に移り、ヒ素を含む有毒な有機化合物カコジルについて研究し、1837~1842年にかけて五つの論文を発表した。この研究のなかで遊離のカコジル基(C4H12As2)なるものを発見したとし、リービヒ、ウェーラーらの「基の理論」を支持する形になったが、まもなく基の論議から手を引いた。なお、カコジル研究を始めてまもなく、閉じた試験管中でシアン化カコジルが爆発し、片眼の視力を失った。

 以上と併行して、炉の熱効率改善の研究や電池の改良を試み、高価な白金電極のかわりに炭素電極を用いるなど、工場などでの利用の道を広げた。ハイデルベルク時代の初めには、改良電池を使って電気分解の研究を行い、純粋の金属として、1852年クロム、マンガン、マグネシウム、ついでアルミニウム(1854)、ナトリウム、バリウム、カルシウム、リチウム(ともに1855年)などを得た。また比熱測定によりその精密な原子量を得ようとして氷熱量計を発明。線状にしたマグネシウムの燃焼により明るい光が得られることから出発して、弟子のH・ロスコーとともに1852~1862年光化学を研究、水素と塩素の混合物が光により塩化水素になる反応を定量的に調べ、その反応生成量が照射光の強さと照射時間の積に比例することを発見した。

 1855年ブンゼンバーナーを発明、これを使って物理学者キルヒホッフと共同で元素の炎色反応を体系的に調べ、試量が微量でも、スペクトルの線の位置によって元素の存在を特定できることを確認し、この線の正確な位置を知るための分析装置をつくった(1859)。この装置とはブンゼンバーナー、葉巻たばこの空箱、三角プリズム、そして使い古しの二つの望遠鏡からなる新しい分光器(スペクトロスコープ)であった。この分光器を使って翌1860年、ブンゼンとキルヒホッフはデュルクハイムの泉水から新元素ルビジウムとセシウムを発見した。この年、2人は『スペクトル観察による化学分析』を発表した。その後、ほかの研究者たちによってタリウム(1861)、インジウム(1863)、ガリウム(1875)、スカンジウム(1879)、ゲルマニウム(1886)などの新元素が分光器によって次々と発見され、分光化学は急速に発展していった。ブンゼンは生涯独身で研究・教育に打ち込み、彼の下から多数の化学者が育った。

[道家達將]

『Theodor CurtiusRobert Bunsen (ed. by Edward Farber “Great Chemists” pp. 575~581, 1961, Interscience Pub. New York)』『Susan G. SchacherBunsen (“Dictionary of Scientific Biography” pp. 586~590, 1970~1981. Charles Scribner's Sons)』

[参照項目] | 炎色反応 | キルヒホッフ | 氷熱量計 | 分光学 | ブンゼンバーナー | ロスコー

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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