Bruce, James

Japanese: ブルース - Ｂｒｕｃｅ，Ｊａｍｅｓ

Year of death: 1863.11.20(1863.11.20)
Born: July 20, 1811
A British diplomat and colonial secretary who came to Japan at the end of the Edo period. Born in London, he graduated from Eton College and Oxford University. In 1841, he attempted to enter politics from the House of Commons, but after the death of his elder brother and father (famous for the Elgin Marbles, a collection of ancient Athenian sculptures), he inherited the titles of Elgin and Kincardine in Scotland. He served as Governor of Jamaica (1842-46) and Governor General of Canada (1847-54), and demonstrated his talent in both difficult times. When the Arrow War broke out, he headed to China as a special envoy, and although his expeditionary force was diverted to the Sepoy Rebellion on the way, the British and French allied forces occupied Guangzhou in December 1857, and the Treaty of Tianjin was signed the following June. He then visited Japan, where the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Japan and the UK was signed on July 18, 1858 (Ansei 5), and succeeded in significantly reducing the tariffs on cotton and wool products, Britain's main export items, in the accompanying trade regulations. He returned to Japan the following year and was appointed Minister of Posts and Telecommunications, but due to failure to exchange the ratification documents for the Treaty of Tianjin, he was sent to China again in 1860 as a special envoy. The British and French allied forces entered Beijing, and the British burned down the Yuanmingyuan Garden, which resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Beijing. <Works>Records of Lord Elgin's Mission to Japan, translated by Okada Akio Hirose Yasuko Furuta Oribe Tenbun 13 (1544) - Genna 1.6.11 (July 6, 1615) A military commander and tea master during the Azuchi-Momoyama and early Edo periods. Commonly known as Sasuke, his given name was Shigenari. He participated in Oda Nobunaga's attack on Mino with his father Shigesada, and later served Toyotomi Hideyoshi. In 1585, he was appointed Oribe no Masa, and was given a fief of 35,000 koku in Nishioka, Yamashiro Province (Kyoto Prefecture). He studied the tea ceremony under Sen no Rikyu at an early age, and after Rikyu's death, he became one of Hideyoshi's otogishu (traditional Japanese tea ceremony attendants) and was known as a "tea ceremony master." When Hideyoshi died in 1598, he handed over the family headship to his heir, Shigehiro, and devoted himself to the tea ceremony in Fushimi. In 1599, Kobori Enshu became his apprentice. He also served as tea ceremony instructor to Tokugawa Hidetada, the second shogun of the Edo shogunate. In 1616, he joined the Eastern army in the Winter Siege of Osaka, but after the Summer Siege of the following year, 1615, he was found guilty of colluding with the Toyotomi clan and committed seppuku at his own home in Fushimi. His name is remembered in the Oribe ware that originated from his tastes.

(Kei Yoshizawa)

Source: Asahi Japanese Historical Biography: Asahi Shimbun Publications Inc. About Asahi Japanese Historical Biography

Japanese:

没年：1863.11.20(1863.11.20)
生年：1811.7.20
幕末に来日したイギリスの外交官,植民地長官。ロンドンに生まれ,イートン校,オクスフォード大学卒。1841年下院からの政界入りを試みるが,兄,父(古代アテネの彫刻コレクション・エルギンマーブルズで有名)の死去によりスコットランドのエルギン,キンカーディン両伯爵家を相続。ジャマイカ知事(1842～46),カナダ総督(1847～54)を歴任,いずれも困難な時局下に敏腕を振るう。アロー戦争が起こるや特派使節として中国に向かい,途中麾下遠征軍をセポイの乱へ回すことになるものの,1857年12月英仏連合軍が広州を占領,翌年6月天津条約を調印する。次いで訪日し,安政5(1858)年7月18日日英修好通商条約に調印,付属貿易章程でイギリスの主要輸出品目である綿,羊毛製品の関税率を大幅に引き下げることに成功。翌年帰国し郵政大臣に就任するが,天津条約批准書交換の不調のため1860年再び特派使節として中国に赴く。英仏連合軍北京入城,英軍の円明園焼き払いの結果,北京条約締結。<著作>岡田章雄訳『エルギン卿遣日使節録』廣瀬靖子古田織部ふるた・おりべ天文13(1544)～元和1.6.11(1615.7.6)安土桃山・江戸時代前期の武将,茶人。通称左介,名は重然。織田信長の美濃攻めの際に父重定とともに参戦,のち豊臣秀吉に仕える。天正13(1585)年織部正に叙せられ,山城国(京都府)西岡に3万5000石を領した。早くから千利休について茶の湯を学び,利休の死後,秀吉の御伽衆となり,「茶の湯名人」と称された。慶長3(1598)年に秀吉が死去すると家督を嗣子重広に譲り,伏見で茶の湯三昧の生活に入った。同8年小堀遠州が師事。江戸幕府2代将軍徳川秀忠の茶の湯指南も務めた。同19年大坂冬の陣では東軍に加わるが,翌元和1(1615)年の夏の陣後,豊臣方に内通した罪を問われ,伏見の自邸で切腹。その好みに由来する織部焼に名を残す。

(吉沢敬)

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