Aden - Aden (English spelling)

Japanese: アデン - あでん(英語表記)Aden
Aden - Aden (English spelling)

A city in the southwest of the Republic of Yemen, in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Population 400,783 (1993), 510,400 (2002 estimate). It is located on the north shore of the Gulf of Aden, 160 km east of the Strait of Babel-Mandeb, the entrance to the Red Sea. The harbor, formed by the erosion of a volcanic caldera, is a good natural harbor. The climate is hot and dry, with an average annual temperature of 29°C, and rainfall in winter is low at 20 mm per year. The southwesterly monsoon in summer brings high temperatures and humidity of nearly 80%. Aden consists of an eastern peninsula with the town and port, and a western peninsula on the opposite shore called Little Aden, where a large oil refinery is located. The town is divided into three districts: the Crater district is an Arabian-style old town built inside the crater, the Kwahi district is modern government offices and business centers, and the nearby Ma'arra district has a pier and port facilities. Aden's economy depends on the port's distribution, transit, and refueling base, and the Little Aden oil refinery. It exports salt, leather goods, coffee, spices, grains, fish, and petroleum products, and imports crude oil, food, and machinery from abroad. It has only small-scale industries, such as soap, tobacco, leather goods, textiles, and aluminum. The port of Aden once flourished as the largest port between Suez and India, but was hit hard by the closure of the Suez Canal (1967), and even after its reopening in 1975, it has not regained its former prosperity, and the operating rate of the oil refinery, which has an annual production capacity of 8 million tons, has fallen to nearly 40%. As the capital of South Yemen, the only Marxist-Leninist country in the Arab world, the Soviet military facilities were located in the port of Aden. In 1990, it was unified with North Yemen to form the Republic of Yemen, and Aden was no longer the capital.

[Ryuichi Hara]

history

It has long been known as a stopover point for South Sea trade, and its name appears in the Peregrinus Erythrae as Eudaemon Arabia and in Ptolemy's Geography as Arabia Monpolium. Since ancient times, it has been a key trading and strategic location, and its ownership has been contested by various powers. It came under the possession of the Sassanid Empire in 575, and came under Islamic control in 628. During the Crusades, Saladin sent an expeditionary force to capture it. It was captured by the Portuguese Albuquerque in 1513, but was recaptured by Suleiman the Magnificent of Ottoman Turkey in 1538, and was under Turkish rule for about 100 years. After the British East India Company seized it by force in 1839, its importance as a stopover point and military port increased with the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, and Britain gradually placed the surrounding principalities under its protection. After World War I, it came under the jurisdiction of the Viceroy of India, and in 1937 it became a direct colony under the rule of the Governor-General of Aden. After World War II, it joined the Federation of South Arabia in 1963 and became its capital, and in 1967 it became part of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen), which gained independence. In 1990, North and South Yemen were unified, and Sana'a became its capital. Even after unification, civil war broke out due to conflict between the north and the south, and in April 1994, South Yemen declared independence and Aden became its capital. However, in July of the same year, Aden fell to an attack from the north, and the civil war ended with the victory of the north.

[Keishiro Sato]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アラビア半島南部、イエメン共和国南西部の都市。人口40万0783(1993)、51万0400(2002推計)。紅海入口のバベル・マンデブ海峡から東へ160キロメートルのアデン湾北岸に位置する。火山のカルデラが侵食されて生じた港湾は自然の良港である。気候は高温乾燥で、年平均気温29℃、降雨は冬にあり、年20ミリメートルと少ない。夏の南西季節風は高温と80%近い湿度をもたらす。アデンは、町と港のある東側半島と、対岸のリトル・アデンとよばれ大精油所のある西側半島よりなる。アデンの町は3地区に分かれ、クレイター地区は火口内に建設されたアラビア風の旧市街、クワヒ地区は近代的な官庁、ビジネスセンター、そして近くのマアラー地区には埠頭(ふとう)、港湾施設などがある。アデンの経済は、港の物資集散、中継、給油基地と、リトル・アデンの精油所に依存する。製塩、皮革品、コーヒー、香料、穀物、魚類、石油製品などを輸出し、外国から原油、食料品、機械などを輸入する。産業はせっけん、たばこ、皮革品、繊維、アルミニウムなど、小規模のものしかない。かつてアデン港はスエズ―インド間最大の港として栄えたが、スエズ運河閉鎖(1967)で大打撃を受け、その後1975年の再開以降も以前の繁栄を取り戻せず、また生産能力年間800万トンの精油所の操業率も40%近くに落ちた。アラブで唯一のマルクス・レーニン主義の国であった南イエメンの首都であったため、アデン港にはソ連の軍事施設が置かれていた。1990年、北イエメンと統合し、イエメン共和国となり、アデンは首都ではなくなった。

[原 隆一]

歴史

古くから南海貿易の中継地として知られ、『エリトラ海案内記』にエウダイモーン・アラビア、プトレマイオスの『地理書』にアラビア・モンポリウムとしてその名がみえる。古くから交易と戦略上の要地として、諸勢力によりその帰属が争われた。575年にササン朝の領有に帰し、628年にはイスラム支配下に入った。十字軍戦争のときはサラディンが遠征軍を送り、確保した。1513年にポルトガルのアルブケルケにより攻略されたが、1538年にオスマン・トルコのスレイマン大帝が奪回し、約100年間トルコの支配を受けた。1839年にイギリス東インド会社が武力によって奪取して以後、1869年スエズ運河開通により中継地、軍港としての比重が増し、イギリスは周辺の土侯国を漸次保護下に入れた。第一次世界大戦後インド総督の管轄下に入り、1937年に直轄植民地となり、アデン総督の統治下に置かれた。第二次世界大戦後は、1963年南アラビア連邦に加わり、その首都となり、1967年に独立したイエメン民主人民共和国(南イエメン)に所属した。1990年南・北イエメン統一で、首都はサヌアとなった。統一後も南北対立で内戦が発生、1994年4月、南イエメンが独立を宣言、その首都となった。しかし、同年7月北側の攻撃を受けアデンは陥落、北側の勝利で内戦は終結した。

[佐藤圭四郎]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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