Brandenburg - English spelling Brandenburg

Japanese: ブランデンブルク - ぶらんでんぶるく(英語表記)Brandenburg
Brandenburg - English spelling Brandenburg

A historical region that stretched from northeastern Germany to western Poland, with Berlin at its center. In the 12th century, it became the March of Brandenburg, and during the Kingdom of Prussia it was one of its central states. After World War II, it became a state in the former East Germany (German Democratic Republic) except for the area east of the Oder River, which became Polish territory. In 1952 it was divided into four districts, but was restored as a state during the process of German reunification in 1989-90. It is currently a state in the Federal Republic of Germany. As Berlin became independent and became a state, Potsdam is now the state capital.

[Eihachiro Sakai]

history

After the Migration Period, this area was inhabited by Slavic Wends. In the 10th century, the German kings of the Saxon dynasty established the Margrave of Northmark between the Elbe and Oder rivers, and also established the Brandenburg bishopric on the Havel River in an attempt to pacify and Christianize the Wends, but their intended goal was not achieved due to resistance from the Wends. Albrecht der Bär (1100?-70) of the Askaniel family, who was granted the title of Margrave in 1134, finally established control over the area, and from 1157 he was called Margrave of Brandenburg. After that, German colonization was promoted under the Askaniel family, and the territory expanded east of the Oder River (Neumark). During this time, the Slavs were largely assimilated into Germany.

However, after the end of the Askaneel line in 1320, the country was left without a stable ruler, and the power of the margraves (who were granted electoral status by the Golden Bull of 1356) weakened, while the power of cities and noble lords grew. Cities such as Berlin and Frankfurt an der Oder joined the Hanseatic League, and noble lords united in feudal assemblies to restrict the monarch's power. After Frederick of the Hohenzollern family was appointed margrave and elector in 1417, the monarch's power was strengthened again under his rule. The privileges of the cities were taken away, and in the 16th century the Reformation was promoted, and the church was subordinated to the monarch's power. During the Thirty Years' War, Brandenburg was devastated by fire, but during this time the Hohenzollern family acquired many territories throughout Germany through inheritance (Prussia, Pomerania, Magdeburg, Klewe, Minden, etc.).

These territories were originally separate states, united under the Hohenzollern family in personal union, but under the Great Elector Frederick William, who ascended to the throne at the end of the Thirty Years' War, a standing army was built, a central governing body was established, and the local state assemblies, which had previously held the right to approve taxes and opposed the monarch, were neutralized, and a unified monarchical system was established. The state assemblies of Brandenburg have not been held since 1653. However, in exchange for the recognition of the monarch's power, the noble lords were given control over their own territories, and they developed Gutsherrschaft (a form of feudal system centered on vast manorial farms). When the next king, Frederick I, ascended to the Prussian throne in 1701, the history of Brandenburg was dissolved into the history of the Kingdom of Prussia. However, the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia was Berlin, and Brandenburg, including Berlin, continued to be the center of the kingdom.

[Eihachiro Sakai]

[References] | Brandenburg an der Havel | Berlin

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ベルリンを中心にしてドイツ北東部からポーランド西部にかけて広がっていた歴史的地域。12世紀にブランデンブルク辺境伯領となり、プロイセン王国時代にはその中心的な一州をなした。第二次世界大戦後ポーランド領となったオーデル川以東地域を除いて旧東ドイツ(ドイツ民主共和国)の一州となり、1952年には4県に分割されたが、1989~90年のドイツ再統一の過程でふたたび州として復活。現在はドイツ連邦共和国の一州。ベルリンが独立して一州となったため、現在はポツダムが州都。

[坂井榮八郎]

歴史

民族移動期以後この地はスラブ系ウェンド人の居住地となっていた。10世紀ザクセン朝のドイツ国王はエルベ、オーデル両川の間に辺境伯領ノルトマルクを設定し、またハーフェル河畔にブランデンブルク司教座を置いてウェンド人の平定とキリスト教化を図ったが、ウェンド人の抵抗により所期の目的は達せられなかった。1134年に辺境伯に封ぜられたアスカニエル家のアルブレヒト熊伯(ゆうはく)Albrecht der Bär(1100?―70)がようやくこの地に支配権を確立、1157年以降ブランデンブルク辺境伯と称した。以後アスカニエル家の下でドイツ人の植民が進められ、領土もオーデル川以東(ノイマルク)に広がった。この間スラブ人は大部分ドイツに同化したのである。

 しかし1320年アスカニエル家が断絶したのち支配者が一定せず、辺境伯(1356年の金印勅書で選帝侯の資格が与えられた)の権力が弱体化する一方、都市や貴族領主の勢力が伸びた。ベルリン、フランクフルト・アン・デア・オーデルなどの都市はハンザ同盟に加わり、貴族領主は領邦議会に結集して君主権を制約した。1417年ホーエンツォレルン家のフリードリヒが辺境伯・選帝侯に任ぜられて以後、同家の支配下でふたたび君主権が強化された。都市の特権は奪われ、16世紀には宗教改革が推し進められて教会が君主権に服属させられた。三十年戦争中ブランデンブルクは戦火に荒らされたが、この間ホーエンツォレルン家は相続によってドイツ各地に多くの領地を獲得した(プロイセン、ポメラニア、マクデブルク、クレーウェ、ミンデンなど)。

 これら諸領は当初それぞれが別個の領邦で、ホーエンツォレルン家の下に同君連合によって結合されていたにすぎなかったが、三十年戦争末期に即位した「大選帝侯」フリードリヒ・ウィルヘルムの下で常備軍の建設や中央統治機関の整備がなされ、また従来租税承認権を握って君主に対抗してきた各地の領邦議会が無力化させられて、統一君主国体制が整えられた。ブランデンブルクの領邦議会は1653年以後開かれていない。しかし貴族領主は君主権力の承認と引き換えに自己の領地に対する支配権を確認されてグーツヘルシャフト(広大な領主直営農場を中心とする領主制の一形態)を発展させたのであった。次代のフリードリヒ1世が1701年プロイセンの王位を得たことによって、以後ブランデンブルクの歴史はプロイセン王国の歴史のなかに解消する。しかしプロイセン王国の首都はベルリンであり、ベルリンを含むブランデンブルクは王国の中心であり続けたのである。

[坂井榮八郎]

[参照項目] | ブランデンブルク・アン・デア・ハーフェル | ベルリン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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