Sir Edward Frankland

Japanese: フランクランド - ふらんくらんど(英語表記)Sir Edward Frankland
Sir Edward Frankland

British chemist. Born in Churchtown, Lancashire. After an apprenticeship at a pharmacy, he went to London to study chemistry under Lyon Playfair (1818-1898). He then studied under Bunsen at the University of Marburg in Germany, receiving his doctorate in 1849. From 1851 onwards, he was professor of chemistry at Owens College in Manchester, St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London, the Royal Institution and other institutions, and in 1865 he became professor at the Royal College of Chemistry (later merged with the College of Mines) before retiring in 1885.

In 1847, at a time when organic chemistry theory was in disarray, Frankland began working with Kolbe to isolate alkyl groups. He reacted methyl iodide with metallic zinc, and mistakenly assumed that the resulting hydrocarbon ethane was a free methyl group, but at the same time he obtained the first organometallic compound, dimethylzinc. After studying the properties of such compounds, which also contained zinc, tin, and mercury, in 1852 he discovered that each of these elements could only combine with a certain number of organic groups or with other atoms. This idea was a precursor to the concept of atomic valence, and was later to become the basis for Kekule's theory of chemical structure. He also worked on various synthetic methods using organometallic compounds between 1863 and 1870.

Frankland's interests were broad, covering a wide range of fields in addition to organic chemistry. In 1861, he studied the relationship between air pressure and luminosity during gas combustion, which he applied to gas lighting and celestial spectrum problems, and in 1868, together with Lockyer, he discovered the dark line of helium in the solar spectrum. In 1866, he clarified through quantitative experiments that carbohydrates and fats are the source of energy for muscle movement. Since 1865, he also worked hard to manage the quality of water in London's water supply and to solve the problems of sewage treatment.

[Masao Uchida]

[References] | Chemical bond | Kekulé | Kolbe | Bunsen | Lockyer

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イギリスの化学者。ランカシャー州チャーチタウンの生まれ。薬局の徒弟奉公ののち、ロンドンに出てプレイフェアLyon Playfair(1818―1898)のもとで化学を学んだ。ついでドイツのマールブルク大学に留学、ブンゼンのもとで研究し、1849年に学位を得た。1851年以来マンチェスターのオーウェンス・カレッジ、ロンドンのセント・バーソロミュー病院、王立研究所などの化学教授を歴任、1865年王立化学大学(のち鉱山大学に合併)の教授となり、1885年に引退した。

 有機化学理論が混乱していた1847年当時、フランクランドはコルベとともにアルキル基を単離する試みを始めた。彼はヨウ化メチルに金属亜鉛を作用させ、生成した炭化水素のエタンを誤って遊離のメチル基と考えたが、このとき同時に最初の有機金属化合物であるジメチル亜鉛が得られた。亜鉛のほかスズや水銀を含むこの種の化合物の性質を研究した結果、1852年に彼はこれらの元素がそれぞれ一定数の有機基または他の原子とのみ結合しうることをみいだした。この考えは原子価の概念の先駆けとなり、やがてケクレが化学構造理論を完成させる基礎となった。彼はまた1863年から1870年にかけて有機金属化合物を用いたさまざまな合成法の研究も行った。

 フランクランドの関心は有機化学のほか広い分野に及んだ。1861年ガスの燃焼における空気の圧力と光度の関係を研究、それはガス照明や天体スペクトルの問題に応用され、1868年ロッキャーとともに太陽スペクトル中にヘリウムの暗線を発見した。1866年には筋肉運動のエネルギー源が炭水化物と脂肪にあることを定量的実験によって明らかにした。また、1865年以来ロンドンの上水道の水質管理、および汚水処理問題の解決に尽力した。

[内田正夫]

[参照項目] | 化学結合 | ケクレ | コルベ | ブンゼン | ロッキャー

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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