It is the average price of various goods and services calculated in a certain way, and is shown as a price index. In other words, it is the exchange value that goods and services have against money, and is inversely related to the purchasing power of money. Prices are divided into wholesale prices, retail prices, domestic prices, international prices (export prices, import prices), urban prices, rural prices, etc., depending on which aspect of economic activity the prices of goods and services are being shown in total. Over the long term, prices in Japan have gone through various phases, such as a significant decline in production capacity due to the war, an expansion in effective demand due to rapid economic growth, and a sharp rise in import prices, each of which has followed a course that can be explained by various theories of price fluctuations. However, when compared to the peacetime period before World War II, 1934-1936 (Showa 9-11), the price level in 2010 (Heisei 22), approximately 75 years later, is approximately 668 times higher for wholesale prices (corporate goods prices) and approximately 1,767 times higher for retail prices (consumer prices in Tokyo). The quantity theory of money is the oldest theory of price formation and fluctuation. This theory is based on the empirical fact that price increases are often brought about by an expansion in the amount of money issued, and was first proposed by I. Fisher as PT = MV Next, A. Marshall modified this equation of exchange to include the subjective actions of economic agents, and presented the following relationship, known as the "Marshallian balance equation." M = kPY J.M. Keynes gave more depth to the price theory. He said that since social effective demand is generally expressed as the product of production volume and the price level, the relationship between the elasticity of production with respect to effective demand (what percentage of production increases when effective demand increases by 1%) e o and the price elasticity e p is e o + e p = 1 The next step in the development of this price theory could be to integrate both the demand and supply aspects, and one such attempt would be to theoretically consider the impact that people's expectations of future price increases have on society's total demand and total supply. [Tadashi Takashima] [References] | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
種々の商品やサービスの価格を、ある一定の方法で総合した平均値のことであり、物価指数として示される。いいかえれば、商品・サービスが貨幣に対してもつ交換価値のことであり、貨幣の購買力とは逆数の関係となる。 物価は、どのような経済活動の側面についての商品・サービス価格を総合して示すかによって、卸売物価・小売物価、国内物価・国際物価(輸出物価・輸入物価)、都市物価・農村物価などに分けて示される。 日本の物価は、長期的にみて、戦争による生産能力の著しい低下、急速な経済成長に伴う有効需要の拡大、さらには輸入物価の急騰などのさまざまな局面を通して、それぞれに、物価変動に関する諸理論によっても説明しうる経過をたどってきたが、第二次世界大戦前平時の1934~1936年(昭和9~11)当時と比較するとき、それからおよそ75年を経た2010年(平成22)の物価水準は、卸売物価(企業物価)でおよそ668倍、小売物価(消費者物価=東京)ではおよそ1767倍となっている。 物価の形成・変動に関する理論については、貨幣数量説がもっとも古い。この理論は、物価上昇が通貨の発行量の拡大によってもたらされることが多いという経験的事実に根ざすものであり、I・フィッシャーによって ついでA・マーシャルは、この交換方程式を、経済主体による主体的行動を含む形に改変し、「マーシャルの残高方程式」とよばれる次の関係式を提示した。 M=kPY 物価理論にさらに深い内容を与えたのはJ・M・ケインズである。彼は、一般的に社会的有効需要が生産量と物価水準の積で示されるところから、有効需要に関する生産の弾力性(有効需要が1%増加した時、生産が何%増加するか)eoと物価の弾力性epとの間には このような物価理論の展開は、次の段階として、需要・供給の両側面を総合する方向が考えられるが、人々の将来に対する物価上昇の期待形成が社会の総需要と総供給に与える影響を理論的に考察することなどは、そのような試みの一つである。 [高島 忠] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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