A general term for facilities that form the foundation for industry and life. It is often abbreviated as infrastructure and is used synonymously with social capital. It includes industrial infrastructure facilities such as roads, ports, railways, airports, and industrial water, as well as infrastructure facilities such as housing, environmental sanitation, water and sewerage systems, parks, and schools. Recently, it has also come to include welfare facilities such as hospitals and welfare facilities, and information and communication networks. Such social capital is usually developed by the government. This is because social capital has the following characteristics. First, the services they produce are provided to the entire population, and if left to market mechanisms, a socially desirable amount will not be realized. Second, if the development of the capital necessary to supply goods and services with external economic effects is left to the private sector, a shortage will occur compared to the amount socially required. Third, large-scale projects require enormous amounts of capital, which is difficult for the private sector to raise alone. Finally, fourth, in the areas where such services are provided, the supply of the services is by a monopoly nature, which can give rise to the harmful effects of monopoly and lead to unstable supply. Furthermore, government investment in social capital creates demand in the short term, and in the long term, the services generated by the constructed social capital will affect people's lives and industrial activity. Of the administrative investments made by the national and local governments, investments in infrastructure for daily life account for just under 50%, while investments in industrial infrastructure account for just over 20%. Furthermore, infrastructure for daily life is mainly developed by the cities, towns, and villages that are close to our daily lives, while industrial infrastructure facilities are mainly developed by the national and prefectural governments. Japan has reached a certain level of basic social capital compared to Western countries, but there are still some areas where it is insufficient. In the future, it will be necessary to develop information and communications infrastructure, environmental sanitation facilities, etc., in order to develop new industries and contribute to improving the quality of life of the people. [Toru Haneda] [Reference item] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
産業や生活の基盤を形成する施設の総称。インフラと略称され、社会資本と同義語として用いられることが多い。道路、港湾、鉄道、空港、工業用水といった産業基盤となる施設や住宅、環境衛生、上・下水道、公園、学校などの生活基盤となる施設が含まれる。さらに最近では、病院、福祉施設などの厚生福祉施設や情報通信網なども含まれる。 これらの社会資本は通常政府によって整備される。それは、社会資本が次のような性質をもつためである。第一に、それらが生み出すサービスは国民全般に及ぶという性質があり、市場機構に委ねた場合には社会的にみて望ましい量が実現されない。第二に、外部経済効果をもつ財・サービスを供給するために必要な資本の整備を民間に任せると、社会的必要量に比べて不足が生じる。第三に、大規模事業では必要とされる資金が莫大(ばくだい)で、民間だけでは調達が困難であること。最後に第四として、それらのサービスが及ぶ地域において、サービスの供給が独占的な性格を有し、独占の弊害が生じたり、供給が不安定になったりするからである。 また、政府による社会資本への投資は、短期的には需要をつくりだし、長期的には、建設された社会資本が生み出すサービスが国民生活や産業活動に影響を与えることになる。国や地方公共団体などによって実施される行政投資のうち、生活基盤投資は50%弱、産業基盤投資は20%強を占めている。また、生活基盤となる施設はおもにわれわれの生活に身近な市町村によって整備されており、産業基盤となる施設はおもに国と都道府県によって整備されている。 日本は、基本的な社会資本については欧米諸国と比べていちおうの水準に達しているが、かならずしも十分でない分野も残されている。今後は新たな産業の展開を図り、国民生活の質の向上に資するために、情報通信基盤、環境衛生施設等の整備が必要であろう。 [羽田 亨] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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