Folklore (English spelling)

Japanese: フォルクローレ(英語表記)folklore
Folklore (English spelling)
Folklore refers to the totality of literature, material culture, and customs handed down orally or by imitation, and the academic field (folklore) that studies them. More narrowly, it can also refer to oral literature and folk music of the Andes. Folklore emerged in the early 19th century and specialized in the study of peasants and small groups (such as gypsies) that were relatively unaffected by modernization. Its purpose was to explore the spiritual history of humanity by tracing the origins of ancient customs and beliefs that had been handed down. J. Grimm of Germany tried to elucidate the Germanic religion of the Dark Ages (around 476-1000) through folklore. A group including E. Tylor and A. Lang of England tried to reconstruct the beliefs and rituals of prehistoric people by integrating data from anthropology and folklore. The most famous study of this type is Frazer's The Golden Bough (1890). In 1812, the Brothers Grimm published their first collection of fairy tales, which inspired scholars across Europe to record and publish oral literature in a wide variety of genres (fairy tales and other folk tales, ballads and other songs, oral epics, pantomimes, riddles, proverbs, etc.) Similar research was also conducted on music, dance, and traditional arts and crafts, and many archives and museums were established.
As folklore studies developed, methods of classifying materials for comparative analysis were developed, and various classification criteria were established. The Finnish School established a method called the "historical-geographical method." This method classifies all the variants known at the time of a particular folk tale, ballad, riddle, etc. by the place and time of collection, explores the pattern of transmission, and reconstructs the "original type." This method was more statistical and less speculative than the so-called anthropological methodology, and so it came to dominate the folklore world in the first half of the 20th century.
After the Second World War, a new trend emerged, mainly in the United States. Research was no longer limited to rural communities, and it was recognized that there existed in cities well-defined groups with distinctive identities based on their unique arts, customs, and values. Folklore was not limited by class, nor by education level. In other words, any group that shared the same traditions and maintained a sense of solidarity was considered to be the people, regardless of the factors that bound them together, such as occupation, language, place of residence, age, religion, or ethnic origin. At the same time, the emphasis of research shifted from the past to the present, from the search for origins to the analysis of their meaning and function in the present. The transformation or application of traditions was no longer necessarily seen as a degradation of tradition. In the second half of the 20th century, analyses centered on "context" and "performance" emerged, and specific stories, songs, plays, customs, or folklore, were no longer viewed as objects to be simply recorded and compared with other cases of the same category. Rather, each phenomenon was viewed as an event that occurred as a result of the interaction between individuals and social groups. These events serve specific functions and satisfy needs of both performers and audiences, and from this functionalist, sociological perspective, they can only be understood in their total context: the performers' life histories and personalities, their roles within the community, the programs and skills, the role of the audience, and the timing all contribute to the ethnographic meaning of the performance.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
口承や模倣によって伝承された文学,物質文化,習俗の総体およびこれを研究する学問分野 (民俗学 ) をいう。より狭く,口承文芸やアンデス地方の民族音楽をさすこともある。民俗学は 19世紀初頭に興り,農民や近代化に比較的浸食されていない少集団 (ジプシーなど) を専門的に研究していた。その目的は,伝承された古来の習俗や信仰の起源をさかのぼることによって,人類の精神史を探ることにあった。ドイツの J.グリムは,民俗学を通して暗黒時代 (476~1000頃) のゲルマン宗教を解明しようとした。イギリスの E.タイラーや A.ラングらのグループは,人類学と民俗学のデータを総合し先史時代人の信仰や儀礼を再構築しようとした。この種の研究で最も有名なのはフレーザーの『金枝篇』 (1890) である。 1812年にグリム兄弟が最初の童話集を出版すると,これに触発されたヨーロッパ各地の学者たちが,多様なジャンル (童話などの民間説話,バラッドなどの歌謡,口伝叙事詩,無言劇,謎々,諺など) の口承文芸を記録し出版するようになった。音楽,舞踊,伝統美術工芸についても同様の研究が進められ,多くの資料館や博物館が設立された。
民俗学の発展に伴い,比較分析のための資料分類法が開発されたことで,さまざまな分類基準が確立され,フィンランド学派は,「歴史地理的方法」と呼ばれる方法を確立した。これは特定の民間説話やバラッド,謎々などについて,その時点で知られているあらゆる変種を,採集された場所や時期ごとに分類して伝播のパターンを探り,「原型」を再構築するやり方である。この方法は,いわゆる人類学派の方法論より統計的で憶測に頼ることが少なかったため,20世紀前半の民俗学界を席巻することとなった。
第2次世界大戦後,アメリカを中心に新しい潮流が生れた。研究対象は農村共同体にかぎられなくなり,独特の芸術,習俗,価値観によってきわだったアイデンティティを示す明確な集団が,都市にも存在することが認識されるようになった。フォルクローレは階級だけでなく,教育程度によっても限定されないものとされた。すなわち,職業,言語,居住地,年齢,宗教,民族的出自など,互いを結びつけている要因が何であれ,同一の伝統を共有することで連帯意識を保っている集団は,すべて民衆とみなされた。同時に,研究の力点も過去から現在へ,起源の探索から現在における意味や機能の分析へと移っていった。伝統の変質や応用も,必ずしも伝統の堕落とはみなされなくなった。 20世紀後半には「コンテクスト」や「パフォーマンス」を中心とする分析が興り,特定の説話・歌謡・演劇・習俗すなわちフォルクローレは,単に記録して,同一カテゴリーの他の事例と比較すべき対象とはみなされなくなった。むしろ個々の現象は,個人と社会集団の相互作用によって起ったイベント (出来事) とみなされる。こうしたイベントは特定の機能を果し,演者と聴衆双方の欲求を満たす。この機能主義的,社会学的見地からすれば,そうしたイベントは全体的コンテクストのなかでしか理解できないことになる。すなわち,演者の生活史と人格,共同体内での役割,演目と技能,聴衆の役割,そして開催時期などのすべてが,パフォーマンスの民俗学的意味を生み出しているのである。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

<<:  Volkelt, Johannes

>>:  Volkswagen [company] - Volkswagen

Recommend

Fallopio (English spelling) Gabriele Falloppio

1523‐62 Italian anatomist. He studied at the Unive...

Kibun Daijin - Kibun Daijin

The title of a Nagauta song. It was first perform...

"Motion Picture World"

...Early movies flourished around two major theme...

Mauna Kea (mountain) (English spelling)

A dormant volcano in the north-central part of the...

IGA - Interdisciplinary Graduate Education

The International Grains Agreement is an internati...

Integrated pest control - Sogo Bojo

It refers to comprehensive pest control that does ...

Kyokuyo Co., Ltd.

...However, corporate management accounts for jus...

Ultra-high magnetic field

A magnetic field of 70 to 100 T or more is usually...

Internal combustion engine

A type of heat engine that burns fuel in a gas (m...

Tachishinobu - Japanese claw fern

A perennial fern of the Caprifoliaceae family. It ...

Obaku Edition of the Complete Sutra

The Complete Sutra published in the early Edo peri...

Stock buddies - Kabunakama

An exclusive trade association formed by merchant...

Interests - RIKEN

This refers to rights and interests that business...

Arahitogami - Arahitogami

...In ancient times, Katsuragi Hitokotonushi no K...

Yoshihiro Ashina

⇒ Ashina Morishige Source: Kodansha Digital Japane...