The main fiber protein that makes up silk thread. Fibroin is synthesized and secreted in the posterior silk gland of 5th instar silkworms. Cocoon fibers are made up of two fibroin strands bound together by another protein, sericin (silk glue). It is said to be composed of 70% fibroin and 30% sericin. Sericin has a molecular weight of about 65,000 to 400,000 and contains about 35% serine. When making raw silk, the cocoon is heated in a dilute alkali (soap solution) to dissolve and remove the sericin. The name serine comes from this sericin. Spider silk is also mainly composed of fibroin. It has a molecular weight of about 370,000 and is made up of two proteins, an H chain of about 350,000 and an L chain of about 25,000. It has a unique amino acid composition, with 48% glycine, 31% alanine, 12% serine, 5% tyrosine, and very few other amino acids. The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain is unique and can be expressed as (GAGAGX) n , X=Ser, Val (G=glycine, Ser=serine, Val=valine). In other words, glycine is present at every other site. X-ray diffraction patterns show a typical parallel β (beta) structure (a type of secondary structure that proteins and polypeptide chains adopt), and although the three-dimensional structure has not yet been determined, it is unique and has become a model for the β-pleated sheet structure created by Pauling. This structure makes it difficult to degrade with proteases. It was reported by Hiroshima University in 2003 that sericin has an antioxidant effect and also has an inhibitory effect against artificial tumors. It was also revealed that the N-terminal region of fragment peptides obtained by cleaving fibroin with chymotrypsin has a fibroblast growth promoting effect. [Koji Nomura] "The World of New Fibers" by Motomiya Tatsuya (1988, Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun)" ▽ "Wild Silkworm Science & Technology" edited by Akai Hiroshi and Kuribayashi Shigeharu (1990, Science House)" ▽ "Invitation to Silk" by Komatsu Keiichi, supervised by the Publishing Committee of the Japanese Society of Sericulture (1997, Science House)" ▽ "Natural and Biopolymer Materials of the 21st Century" edited by Miyamoto Takeaki et al. (1998, CMC) [References] | | | | |Raw | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
絹糸を構成するおもな繊維タンパク質。フィブロインは5齢期のカイコの後部絹糸腺(せん)で合成・分泌される。繭の繊維はフィブロインの繊維2本がもう一つのタンパク質セリシン(絹膠(けんこう))に固められたものである。組成はフィブロイン70%、セリシン30%とされている。セリシンの分子量は約6万5000~40万でセリンを約35%含んでいる。生糸をつくるときは繭を希アルカリ(せっけん液)で加温処理してこのセリシンを溶かし、除いている。セリンの名称はこのセリシンからつけられた。クモの糸もフィブロインが主成分である。分子量は約37万で、二つのタンパク質約35万のH鎖と約2万5000のL鎖とからなる。アミノ酸組成に特徴があり、グリシン48%、アラニン31%、セリン12%、チロシン5%で、他のアミノ酸は非常に少ない。H鎖のアミノ酸配列に特色があり、(GAGAGX)n, X=Ser, Valで表わせる(G=グリシン、Ser=セリン、Val=バリン)。つまり、ほとんどの個所でグリシンが一つ置きにある。X線回折像では典型的な平行β(ベータ)構造(タンパク質やポリペプチド鎖がとる二次構造の一種)を示し、立体構造はまだ決定的なものはないが特徴があり、ポーリングによるβ-ひだ状構造(pleated sheet)のモデルとなった。このような構造のため、プロテアーゼによって分解されにくい。 セリシンには抗酸化作用があり、さらに人工的な腫瘍(しゅよう)に対して抑制作用があることが、2003年(平成15)に広島大学から報告された。また、フィブロインをキモトリプシンで切った断片ペプチドのうちN末端領域には、フィブロブラスト(繊維芽細胞)成長促進作用があることが明らかになった。 [野村晃司] 『本宮達也著『ニュー繊維の世界』(1988・日刊工業新聞社)』▽『赤井弘・栗林茂治編著『天蚕 Science & technology』(1990・サイエンスハウス)』▽『日本蚕糸学会出版委員会監修、小松計一著『シルクへの招待』(1997・サイエンスハウス)』▽『宮本武明他編『21世紀の天然・生体高分子材料』(1998・シーエムシー)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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