Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau

Japanese: フィゾー - ふぃぞー(英語表記)Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau
Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau

French physicist. Born in Paris. His father was a professor at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Paris, Fizeau also aspired to be a doctor, but due to poor health he changed his course to physics, studying under Regnault at the Collège de France and under Arago at the Paris Observatory, borrowing lecture notes from the École Polytechnique. From a young age he studied Daguerre's photography, and in 1845, in collaboration with Foucault, he took the first clear photograph of the solar disk. They also worked to put into practical use a method proposed by Arago, which uses a rotating mirror to compare the speed of light in air and water without measuring the absolute value of the speed of light. The results of their experiments using this method were published separately in 1850, due to a falling out between the two men. Both results supported the wave theory of light, which states that the speed of light is greater in air.

Fizeau also worked on measuring the absolute value of the speed of light. In 1849, he obtained a value of about 3.133 x 105 kilometers per second by rotating two gears about 9 kilometers apart at high speed and sending light back and forth between the teeth of each gear. In 1851, he experimentally confirmed Fresnel's adjoint coefficient. In 1818, Fresnel proposed the theory that when a transparent object moves, the ether in the object moves with it at a certain rate. Fizeau proved this by passing light through flowing water in both the same direction and the opposite direction to the water flow, causing it to interfere with the light. In 1848, he came up with the idea of ​​the Doppler effect independently of Doppler, and predicted that it could be used to measure the radial velocity of stars.

[Shigeru Sugiyama]

[References] | Arago | Speed ​​of light | Daguerre | Doppler effect | Fizeau's experiment | Foucault | Fresnel | Regnault

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスの物理学者。パリ生まれ。父はパリ大学医学部教授で、フィゾーも医学を志すが、病弱なため物理学に志望を変え、コレージュ・ド・フランスでルニョーに、パリ天文台でアラゴに師事し、理工科大学校(エコール・ポリテクニク)の講義ノートを借りて勉強した。若いころからダゲールの写真術に取り組み、1845年にはフーコーと共同して太陽面の鮮明な写真撮影に初めて成功した。彼らはまた、回転鏡を用いて光速の絶対値を測定しないで空気中と水中とでの光速を比較するという、アラゴが提案した方法の実用化に努力した。それを用いての実験結果は、二人の仲たがいのため、1850年に別々に発表された。ともに空気中での光速が大きいという、光の波動説を支持する結果であった。

 フィゾーは光速の絶対値を測定することにも取り組んだ。約9キロメートル離れた二つの歯車を高速で回転させ、それぞれの歯と歯の間を通して光を往復させるという方法で、1849年に秒速約3.133×105キロメートルという値を得た。1851年にはフレネルの随伴係数を実験的に確かめた。フレネルは1818年に、透明物体が運動すると、その物体中のエーテルがある割合で随伴して運動するという説を唱えていた。それをフィゾーは、流水中に水流と同方向および逆方向に光を通して干渉させるという方法で立証したのである。1848年にはドップラーとは独立にドップラー効果の考えを得、それが星の視線速度の測定に利用できることを予見した。

[杉山滋郎]

[参照項目] | アラゴ | 光速度 | ダゲール | ドップラー効果 | フィゾーの実験 | フーコー | フレネル | ルニョー

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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