Tomiko Hino

Japanese: 日野富子 - ひの・とみこ

Year of death: May 20, 1496 (June 30, 1496)
Year of birth: Eikyo 12 (1440)
Wife of Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa of the Muromachi Shogunate. Mother of Yoshihisa. Daughter of court noble Hino Masamitsu. Married to Yoshimasa at the age of 16, gave birth to their first child four years later, but the child died soon after. Although she and Yoshimasa had a close relationship and would often go to see the Kanjin Sarugaku performances at Tadasugawara together, her birth to Yoshihisa created a delicate relationship with Yoshimasa's younger brother Yoshimi, who had already been adopted by Yoshimasa and had undergone his coming-of-age ceremony, and eventually they became enemies. This was one of the causes of the Onin War. It was after the death of her brother Hino Katsumitsu that Tomiko strengthened her involvement in politics as Yoshihisa's backer. At the time, Shogun Yoshimasa was tired of politics, and after the Onin War, the "imperial and military" had become exhausted and decadent. Yoshimasa also approved of Tomiko's assistance to Yoshihisa. In 1480, the shogunate established checkpoints at seven entrances to Kyoto and came into conflict with the local people for the collection of tolls for repairs to the Imperial Palace. However, according to the Daijo-in Temple and Shrine Miscellaneous Records, these checkpoints were only in name for repairs, and were intended to be used for the personal possessions of the Empress Tomiko. During this time, it was only natural that wealth would be concentrated in Tomiko, who was at the center of government. However, what was extraordinary about Tomiko was that she not only accumulated her wealth, but also tried to make further use of it, lending it out and using it to start a rice business. This kind of keen economic sense was not only shared by Tomiko, but also by Katsumitsu, Nagatoshi, Nagayasu, head of the Hino family, and their stewards. It is thought that the Hino family itself formed a family tradition that responded to the economic development of the Muromachi period. When Yoshihisa came of age and Yoshimasa began governing again, Tomiko shifted her focus to economic activities. She also used her own wealth to support the impoverished Imperial Family, court nobles, temples and shrines, and especially spared no financial support for the Imperial Family. In other words, it can be said that she played a diplomatic role with the Imperial Family (Imperial Court) within the Shogun family. After Yoshimasa's death, Yoshihisa shaved her head and became a nun. The relationship between Yoshimi Ashikaga and Yoshiki, father and son, who entered Kyoto in place of Yoshihisa, was strained, so she conspired with Kanrei Hosokawa Masamoto, who was in conflict with Yoshiki, to adopt Yoshizumi (Yoshizumi), the son of Horikoshi Kubo Ashikaga Masatomo, and place him as Shogun. It was only natural that Tomiko, as a nun who was the widow of the Shogun family, would be involved in the decision on the Shogun. After she died at the age of 57 in 1496, she is said to have left behind a large inheritance known as "Seven Treasures and Treasures." Her later years were not necessarily happy, and the then Shogun Ashikaga Yoshitaka did not even attend her funeral. However, as the Shogun's legal wife, she was recognized by Yoshimasa and was able to take control of politics, engage in economic activities, and play a diplomatic role, and her talent and initiative should be evaluated. <References> "The Diary of Ninagawa Chikamoto", "Hino Tomiko" by Yoshimura Teiji, "Women in Medieval Japan" by Tabata Yasuko

(Tabata Yasuko)

Source: Asahi Japanese Historical Biography: Asahi Shimbun Publications Inc. About Asahi Japanese Historical Biography

Japanese:

没年：明応5.5.20(1496.6.30)
生年：永享12(1440)
室町幕府将軍足利義政の妻。義尚の母。公家日野政光の娘。16歳のとき義政に嫁し,4年後に最初の子を生んだが,その子はすぐに死亡している。義政とはそろって糺河原の勧進猿楽を見物するなど仲睦まじかったが,義尚を生んだことで,すでに義政の養子として元服も終えていた義政の弟義視との間は微妙なものとなり,やがて反目対立を生じる。これは応仁の乱の一因ともなった。富子が義尚の後ろ盾として政治への介入を強めるのは兄日野勝光死後のことである。将軍義政は当時政道に倦み,応仁の乱後「公武」は疲弊,退廃していた。義尚への富子の補佐は義政の承認するところでもあった。文明12(1480)年,幕府は京の七口に関を設置し,内裏修理のため関銭を徴収しようとして土民と対立するが,『大乗院寺社雑事記』の記すところによれば,この七口の関は修理とは名ばかりで御台富子の私物に供するためであったという。この時期,政道の中心にあった富子に富が集中するのは自然の成り行きであった。しかし富子の非凡なところは,その富を集積するだけでなくこれを貸し付け,またこの富をもって米商売をしようとしていたといわれるように,持てる富をさらに活用しようとした点である。このような経済感覚の鋭さはひとり富子のみならず,日野家の勝光や永俊,永繕首座,それに同家家司たちにも共通してみられるものであった。日野家自体が,室町期の経済発展に対応した家風を形成していたと考えられる。義尚が成人に達し,義政も再び執政をはじめると,富子は経済活動に重点を移していく。また天皇家や公家,寺社の窮乏を自らの財で支え,特に天皇家に対しては財政的援助を惜しまなかった。つまり,将軍家の中にあって天皇家(朝廷)との外交的役割を果たしていたといえる。義尚,義政の死後,剃髪して尼となった。義尚に代わって入京した足利義視・義材父子との間は険悪であり,義材と対立していた管領細川政元と計って,堀越公方足利政知の子義遐(義澄)を猶子とし将軍位に立てた。このように将軍の決定に富子が関与したのは,将軍家の後家尼として当然のことであったと思われる。明応5(1496)年に57歳で没したあとには,「七珍万宝」といわれる多くの遺産が残されたという。その晩年は必ずしも幸福であったとはいえず,ときの将軍足利義高は葬礼にも臨まなかった。しかし,将軍家の正妻として義政にも承認された状態で政治を握り,経済活動をなし,外交的役割を果たした才覚および積極性は評価されてよい。<参考文献>『蜷川親元日記』,吉村貞司『日野富子』,田端泰子『日本中世の女性』

(田端泰子)

出典　朝日日本歴史人物事典：（株）朝日新聞出版朝日日本歴史人物事典について　情報

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