Comparative law

Japanese: 比較法学 - ひかくほうがく(英語表記)comparative law
Comparative law

This is a field of legal research that seeks to clarify the characteristics of each country's legal system, legal functions, and legal consciousness by comparing the legal systems of countries around the world. The broadest classification is usually divided into four "legal systems": Anglo-American law (England, America, etc.), Civil law (Germany, France, etc.), Socialist law (former Soviet Union, China, etc.), and Asian law (Islamic countries, India, etc.). There are cases where research is conducted from a practical perspective, such as the interpretation and application of one's own country's positive law and the consideration of new legislation, and cases where it is conducted more objectively, aiming to clearly understand the fundamental characteristics and basic ideas of each country's law by comparing them. In either case, today, comparisons of current laws are often kept in mind, and historical comparisons fall under the category of legal history.

Since the establishment of a modern nation with the Meiji Restoration, Japan has adopted European law (especially German law) and developed a capitalist legal system. In addition, since the postwar period, the American legal system has been actively introduced, and as a result, Anglo-American law, German law, and French law have dominated comparative law studies. Many legal researchers in the field of positive law also conduct research on one of these comparative laws. However, in recent years, research on socialist law has also become more popular, and the field is becoming more diverse.

[Nawada Yoshihiko]

"Introduction to Comparative Law" by Kiyoshi Igarashi (1968, Nippon Hyoronsha)""Outline of Comparative Law, Vol. 1 and 2, by Zweigelt and Kötz, translated by Masao Oki (1974, University of Tokyo Press)""How to Research Foreign Laws" by Hideo Tanaka, Yoshiyuki Noda, Junichi Murakami, Isamu Fujita, and Atsushi Asai (1974, University of Tokyo Press)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

世界の国々の法体系を比較することによって、それぞれの国の法制度、法の機能や法意識の特質を明らかにしようとする、法律学の研究分野をいう。もっとも大ざっぱな分類として、世界の法を、英米法系(イギリス、アメリカなど)、大陸法系(ドイツ、フランスなど)、社会主義法系(旧ソ連、中国など)、アジア法系(イスラム諸国、インドなど)の四つの「法系」に分けて整理するのが普通である。自国の実定法の解釈・運用や新たに必要な立法の検討などのような実用的関心から研究される場合と、より客観的に、各国の法の原理的特徴や基本発想を比較によって相対化し鮮明に認識することを志向する場合とがある。いずれの場合も、今日では現行法の比較を念頭に置くことが多く、歴史的比較は法史学の範疇(はんちゅう)に入る。

 日本では、明治維新による近代国家成立以来、ヨーロッパ法(とくにドイツ法)を継受して資本主義的法制度を整備してきており、また戦後はとくにアメリカの法制度も盛んに導入されたという事情のため、英米法、ドイツ法、フランス法などが比較法学の主流をなしてきた。各実定法分野の法学研究者もこのいずれかの比較法研究を手がけていることが多い。しかし近年は、社会主義法系の研究も盛んになるなど、多様化してきている。

[名和田是彦]

『五十嵐清著『比較法入門』(1968・日本評論社)』『ツヴァイゲルト、ケッツ著、大木雅夫訳『比較法概論』上下(1974・東京大学出版会)』『田中英夫・野田良之・村上淳一・藤田勇・浅井敦著『外国法の調べ方』(1974・東京大学出版会)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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