Fibers such as mitsumata, kozo, and gampi are filtered to make washi paper, which is then cut into thin strips in a zigzag pattern, leaving some of the paper strands, and woven together to make paper fabric. It is also called shosen textile or paper textile. There are also textiles made from Western paper, but these are not usually included in paper fabric. Types of paper fabric include those that use paper threads for both the warp and weft, those that use silk or cotton for the warp and paper threads for the weft, and those that use paper threads for part of the silk fabric to make a red plum weave. To make paper cloth, after extracting the bast fibers, the fibers are aligned in the same process as papermaking to make paper. The paper is then cut into thin zigzag strips on a cutting board with a knife, and then kneaded thoroughly to spin into thread. One sheet of paper is made up of a single thread, and sometimes the thread can reach up to 120 meters in length. The thread is then twisted on a spinning wheel or a twisting wheel, dyed, and finished by weaving on a takabata loom. In the Gunma region, the izaribata loom was used. Since this production is related to the production of washi paper, it is believed to have been carried out as a side job in each washi-producing area, but the paper cloth made in Shiroishi, Miyagi Prefecture has been known as Shiroishi paper cloth since the Edo period, and paper cloth made from gampi paper was a specialty of Atami, and was also made in other washi-producing areas such as Niigata, Shimane, and Yamaguchi Prefectures. The paper cloth made in Shiroishi developed as a side job for vassals under the protection of the Katakura Domain, and was presented to the shogun by the Katakura family, and was divided into a wide range of items from summer formal wear to practical wear for lower-ranking samurai and farmers, including yukata, summer haori, kamishimo, obi, mosquito nets, hoods, and gaiters. However, after the Meiji period, the tradition fell into decline due to the advancement of other textiles, and reached its peak in the early Taisho period, but was revived by the Oshu Shiroishi Crafts Research Institute in 1941. During the Second World War, due to a shortage of clothing, paper fabric was woven using raw materials from Western paper, and used for clothing, mosquito nets, etc., but this was a temporary production. Paper cloth produced in connection with washi production in various regions was not commercialized like Shiroishi paper cloth, but was simply made for farmers' personal consumption as clothing. In recent years, there has been an intention to produce paper cloth as a folk art, and it has begun to be produced on a small scale in some areas, such as Kurotani in Kyoto Prefecture. Paper cloth is similar in quality to cotton fabrics, and is more water-resistant, durable, and dyeable than is generally thought, so it was in wide demand, and many weaves, such as crepe, ro, and aya, were made and used in the same way as other textiles. [Kadoyama Yukihiro] Kamikoro © Miyagi Prefecture Tourism Division "> Shiraishi Paper Cloth Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ミツマタ(三椏)、コウゾ(楮)、ガンピ(雁皮)などの繊維を漉(す)いて和紙とし、これを千鳥状に紙の一部を残し、細く裁断して紙縒(こより)とし、これをつなぎ合わせて織物に織ったもの。抄繊(しょうせん)織物、紙(かみ)織物ともいう。これとは別に洋紙から製作したものもあるが、紙布に含めないのが普通である。紙布の種類には、経緯(たてよこ)とも紙糸(かみいと)を使ったもの、経に絹または木綿(もめん)を使い、緯に紙糸を打ち込んだもの、絹織物の一部に紙糸を使い、紅梅織にしたものがある。 紙布を製作するには、靭皮(じんぴ)繊維をとったのち、紙漉きと同じ工程で繊維をそろえるようにして紙を漉く。これをまな板の上で包丁を使い細く千鳥状に裁断したのち、よくもんで糸績(う)みをする。1枚の紙は1本の糸となるが、ときには長さ120メートルに及ぶものさえできる。これを糸車あるいは撚糸(よりいと)八丁車で撚りをかけ糸染めののち高機(たかばた)によって織り仕上げをする。なお群馬地方では居座機(いざりばた)によっていた。 このような生産は、原料の和紙生産と関係があるため、それぞれの和紙生産地で副業的に行われたとみられるが、そのうち宮城県白石(しろいし)でつくられたものは、江戸時代から白石紙布として知られており、また雁皮(がんぴ)紙を使った紙布は熱海(あたみ)特産であったし、新潟、島根、山口県など、和紙生産地でもつくられていた。白石産のものは、片倉藩の保護のもとに家臣の手内職として発達し、片倉家から将軍へも献上され、夏の礼服から、下級武士、農民が使用する実用着まで各種に分かれ、浴衣(ゆかた)、夏羽織、裃(かみしも)、帯、蚊帳(かや)、頭巾(ずきん)、脚絆(きゃはん)など広範囲に及んでいた。 しかし、明治以後はほかの織物の進出のため衰退し、大正初期以降、衰微もその極に達したが、1941年(昭和16)に奥州白石工芸研究所の手によって復興された。また第二次世界大戦のとき、衣料不足から洋紙の原料を使って紙布を織り出し、衣料、蚊帳などになったが、一時的な生産に終わった。 各地の和紙生産と関連して生産された紙布は、白石紙布のように商品化されたものではなく、農民の衣料として自家消費用につくられたにすぎない。近年になって紙布を民芸的に生産しようとする意向があり、京都府下の黒谷(くろたに)のように、一部の地域で小規模に生産されるようになった。紙布は綿織物と品質的によく似ており、一般に考えるよりも耐水性に優れ、耐久力があり、染色性もよいので広く需要があり、縮緬(ちりめん)、絽(ろ)、綾(あや)など多くの組織がつくられ、他の織物と同じように使われていた。 [角山幸洋] 紙衣©宮城県観光課"> 白石紙布 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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