Placoderms - Bampyrui

Japanese: 板皮類 - ばんぴるい
Placoderms - Bampyrui

A general term for fossil fishes belonging to the phylum Chordata, the subphylum Vertebrata, the subphylum Craniata, and the superclass Gnathostomata. They are the oldest jawed fishes, and appeared from the Upper Silurian to the Devonian periods of the Paleozoic era, flourished from the Devonian to the Carboniferous periods, and became extinct in the Permian period, about 280 million years ago. They lived in freshwater until the middle of the Devonian period, but then moved into the ocean. However, toward the end of the Devonian period, they suddenly replaced the cartilaginous fishes. Their bodies are adapted to a benthic lifestyle, and many of them are vertically flattened. To protect themselves from predators, the front half or most of their bodies are covered with sturdy bony plates, and in addition to the caudal, dorsal, and anal fins, they also have underdeveloped pectoral and pelvic fins.

Fossils of this species have been found almost all over the world. There are several groups, and the Arthrodiriformes is one of the most representative. It has a laterally compressed body, is 6 meters in size, is carnivorous, eats nekton (swimming organisms), has strong jaw bones, and has several tooth plates in its mouth. The Antiarchiformes, which lived all over the world, had one gill slit, a gill cover, and long, protruding pectoral fins like wings. Some species also have external shapes and internal skeletons similar to sharks, including the chimaera. Some theories say that this species is phylogenetically sister to all higher gnathostomes (chondrichthyes, acanthognathus, and bony fishes), while others say that it is sister to only cartilaginous fishes, or only to bony fishes. It is a mysterious primitive fish wrapped in hard bony plates.

[Akira Ochiai and Kunio Amano]

[Reference items] | Gnathostomes | Cartilaginous fishes
Bothriolepis canadensis (placoderm)
Whiteaves, Devonian period, bone plate (skull and torso) length approx. 10cm, from Quebec, Canada, photo provided by the Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (GSJ F7595)

Bothriolepis canadensis (placoderm)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

脊索(せきさく)動物門Chordata、脊椎(せきつい)動物亜門Vertebrataあるいは頭蓋(とうがい)亜門Craniata、顎口(がっこう)上綱Gnathostomataに属する化石魚類の総称。あごをもった魚類としてもっとも古く、古生代上シルル紀からデボン紀にかけて出現し、デボン紀から石炭紀に栄え、2億8000万年余り前のペルム紀(二畳紀)に滅亡した。デボン紀の中ごろまでは淡水で生活をしていたが、その後は海洋へも進出した。しかしデボン紀の終わりごろ、急に軟骨魚類にとってかわった。体は底生生活に適応し、縦扁(じゅうへん)したものが多い。外敵から身を守るため、体の前半部または大部分が頑丈な骨板で包まれており、尾びれや背びれ、臀(しり)びれのほかに、未発達ながら胸びれや腹びれをもつようになった。

 この類の化石はほとんど全世界から発見されている。いくつかのグループがあるが、アースロディラ目Arthrodiriformesはその代表的なグループの一つである。体は側扁し、大きさ6メートル、ネクトン(遊泳生物)などを食べる肉食性で、あごの骨は強く、口の中に何枚かの歯板がある。また、世界各地に生息したアンチアーチャ目Antiarchiformesは、鰓孔(さいこう)が1個で鰓蓋(さいがい)があり、翼のように長く突き出た胸びれをもっていた。また、外形や内部の骨格がギンザメを含むサメ類に似たものもある。この類は系統的にすべての高位の顎口類(軟骨魚類、棘魚(きょくぎょ)類、硬骨魚類)と姉妹関係にあるとする説がある一方、軟骨魚類だけと、あるいは硬骨魚類だけと姉妹関係にあるとする説もある。堅い骨板で包まれた謎(なぞ)の多い原始魚である。

[落合 明・尼岡邦夫]

[参照項目] | 顎口類 | 軟骨魚類
ボトリオレピス・カナデンシス(板皮類)
Whiteaves 古生代デボン紀 骨板(頭甲・胴甲)長約10cm カナダ ケベック州産写真提供/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F7595)">

ボトリオレピス・カナデンシス(板皮類)


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