Elasmobranchia - Elasmobranchia

Japanese: 板鰓類 - ばんさいるい
Elasmobranchia - Elasmobranchia

A general term for fish that make up the class Chondrichthyes along with the Holocephali, which includes only Chimaera. In the classification system, they are treated as the Euselachii and Elasmobranchii, but because the Euselachii includes fossil species (fossil groups), some researchers consider the Elasmobranchii, which consists only of living species, to be the Elasmobranchii in contrast to the Holocephali. It includes all living sharks and rays except for the special small group Chimaera, and was formerly called Plagiostomi. In the past, the frilled sharks, cat sharks, and six-gill sharks were thought to be a phylogenetic group derived from a different fossil group from the others, but morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis has led to the conclusion that all living elasmobranchs are monophyletic. This species has the following characteristics: five to seven gill slits that open independently, the internal skeleton is made of cartilage, the skull is a continuous box of cartilage, the vertebral bodies of the vertebrae are well developed and the notochord is constricted at each vertebral body, the teeth in the jaws do not form several molar-like dental plates, the first dorsal fin is fixed and cannot be lowered freely, the caudal fin is heterocaly, the body surface is usually covered with rough pelvic scales, males have developed copulatory organs in their pelvic fins and internal fertilization occurs, the intestines have spiral valves, and they lack a swim bladder.

They appeared in the Middle Devonian Period of the Paleozoic Era, and evolved from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic Era into the modern sharks and rays. Existing elasmobranchs are broadly divided into the Selachii, sharks with gill slits that open laterally (Selachii), and the Batomorphi, rays with gill slits that open ventrally (Batomorphi), but some researchers treat them as one group. Sharks are further divided into the Galeomorphi, which have anal fins, and the Squalomorphi, which do not (though the Squalomorphi do have anal fins). The former includes the Squaliformes, Carcharhinidae, Lamniformes, and Carcharhinidae, while the latter includes the Squaliformes, Squamata, Squamata, Squamata, and Sawtooth Sharks. Rays are divided into the orders Electricus, Skate, Sawfish, and Bucconidae. However, the order definition varies depending on the researcher. For example, here, the order of sharks, the order of frilled sharks, has been merged into the order of scyphosphids, and the order of scyphosphids has been newly created. In rays, the order of scyphosphids and the order of scyphosphids have been merged into the order of scyphosphids. As of 2017, there are 519 species of sharks in 34 families and 636 species of rays in 17 families.

Sharks are mostly carnivorous and capable of swimming, such as the thresher shark, hammerhead shark, and reef shark, but there are also bottom-dwelling species such as the Japanese bush shark (Cirrhoscyllium japonicum) and the giant stingray, deep-sea species such as the lantern shark and the brown shark, and whale sharks and basking sharks that filter plankton. There is also the megamouth shark, a family that was discovered for the first time in 1976 and became a hot topic. Rays are a group that have evolved to be well adapted to a benthic lifestyle, but there are many swimming species of devil rays, including eagle rays and the giant manta ray Mobula birostris (commonly known as manta ray).

[Akira Ochiai and Kunio Amano, July 16, 2021]

[References] | Rays | Sharks | Holocephala | Cartilaginous fish

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ギンザメ類のみを含む全頭(ぜんとう)類(全頭亜綱Holocephali)とともに軟骨魚綱を構成する魚類の総称。分類体系では真板鰓亜綱Euselachii、板鰓下綱Elasmobranchiiとして取り扱われるが、真板鰓亜綱は化石種(化石群)を含んだ体系であるため、現生種のみからなる板鰓下綱を、全頭亜綱に対して板鰓亜綱Elasmobranchiiとする研究者もいる。特殊な小グループであるギンザメ類を除いた現生のサメ・エイ類のすべてが含まれ、古くは横口類(おうこうるい)Plagiostomiともいわれていた。過去には現生のサメ・エイ類のなかのラブカ類、ネコザメ類およびカグラザメ類はその他のものとは異なった化石群に由来する系統群と考えられていたが、形態および分子による系統解析によって、現生のすべての板鰓類は単系統群とみなされている。この類は鰓孔(さいこう)が5~7個で独立に開くこと、内部骨格が軟骨であること、頭蓋骨(とうがいこつ)は一続きの軟骨の箱であること、脊椎骨(せきついこつ)の椎体が発達し、脊索(せきさく)は椎体ごとにくびれること、あごの歯が数枚の臼歯(きゅうし)状の歯板を形成しないこと、第1背びれは固定していて自由に倒伏できないこと、尾びれは異尾であること、体表は普通は粗雑な楯鱗(じゅんりん)で覆われること、雄の腹びれに交尾器が発達し、体内受精をすること、腸に螺旋弁(らせんべん)を備えること、鰾(ひょう)(うきぶくろ)を欠くことなどの特徴をもつ。

 古生代デボン紀中期に出現し、古生代から中生代にかけて進化して現代のサメ・エイ類へと進化した。現存する板鰓類は鰓孔が側方に開くサメ類(サメ区)Selachiiと腹面に開くエイ類(エイ区)Batomorphiに大別されるが、一群として取り扱う研究者もいる。サメ類はさらに臀(しり)びれがあるネズミザメ・メジロザメ上目Galeomorphiと臀びれがないツノザメ上目Squalomorphi(ただしカグラザメ目には臀びれがある)に分かれる。前者にはネコザメ目、テンジクザメ目、ネズミザメ目およびメジロザメ目が、後者にはカグラザメ目、キクザメ目、ツノザメ目、カスザメ目およびノコギリザメ目が含まれる。エイ類はシビレエイ目、ガンギエイ目、ノコギリエイ目およびトビエイ目からなる。ただし、目の設定は研究者によって異なる。たとえばここでは、サメ類ではラブカ目がカグラザメ目に統合され、キクザメ目が新設されている。エイ類ではトンガリサカタザメ目とサカタザメ目がノコギリエイ目に統合されている。2017年時点では、サメ類は34科519種、エイ類は17科636種が現存する。

 サメ類にはオナガザメ、シュモクザメ、メジロザメなどのように遊泳力があり、肉食性の強い種が多いが、なかにはクラカケザメCirrhoscyllium japonicum、オオセなどのように海底にすむもの、カラスザメ、チヒロザメなどのように深海にいるもの、プランクトンを濾(こ)して食べるジンベエザメやウバザメもいる。また、1976年に初めて発見された科として話題になったメガマウスザメがいる。エイ類は底生生活によく適応するように進化したグループであるが、トビエイ類や、オニイトマキエイMobula birostris(通称マンタ)などを含むイトマキエイ類には多くの遊泳性の種がいる。

[落合 明・尼岡邦夫 2021年7月16日]

[参照項目] | エイ | サメ | 全頭類 | 軟骨魚類

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