Hanei Manufacture - Hanei Manufacture

Generally, this refers to the domain-run wax factories, textile workshops, and ceramic factories that were established in the mid-Edo period and later in the process of implementing the domain monopoly system, as well as domain-run Western-style factories in the powerful southwest domains of the late Edo period. As an example from the mid-Edo period, the Higo Kumamoto domain established a hazekata office within the castle to control the supply of wax nuts, the raw material for wax, and then acquired the Takahashi Wax Factory, which had been contracted by a merchant, and aimed to monopolize wax production as a domain-run wax factory. The Fukuoka domain also established wax mills in Hakata (Fukuoka city), Amagi (Asakura city), and Ueki (Nogata city). In particular, at the end of the Edo period, as the external crisis became more serious, the powerful southwest domains sought to strengthen their military power and established various domain-run factories. In the Kagoshima Domain, the lord Shimazu Nariakira took the lead in reforming the domain's government, and as part of this reform, a reverberatory furnace was built within the castle, as well as various factories producing blast furnaces, glass, ceramics, agricultural tools, mines, gas lamps, and more. These facilities were later called Shuseikan and expanded further, with over 1,200 laborers and craftsmen working there every day. During the Keio period (1865-68), a Western-style spinning factory and a shipyard were also established, where many people also worked. The Saga Domain had already established a domain-run kiln for the production of ceramics, and by the end of the Edo period, domain-run factories were built for the purposes of shipbuilding, cannon casting, and other purposes, including the construction of a reverberatory furnace. In the end of the Edo period, the Kaiseikan was established in Kochi, and it was divided into the Warship Bureau, Currency Revenue Bureau, Whaling Bureau, Industrial Promotion Bureau, Tax Bureau, Mining Bureau, Gunpowder Bureau, Casting Bureau, and Coin Bureau, and it was here that the military and economic power was strengthened. After the Meiji Restoration, it was taken over by the new government, and became the foundation for the creation of modern factories.

[Akira Yoshinaga]

"A Study on the Process of the Collapse of Feudal Society" by Takao Tsuchiya (1927, Kobundo Shobo)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

一般に江戸中期以降、藩専売制度実施の過程で設置された藩営の製蝋場(せいろうば)、織物作業場、陶磁器製作場や、幕末西南雄藩における藩営洋式工場などをいう。中期の例としては、肥後熊本藩では城内に櫨方(はぜかた)役所を設けて蝋の原料である櫨実を統制し、ついで商人が請け負っていた高橋製蝋所を買収して藩営製蝋所として蝋生産の独占を目ざした。また、福岡藩も博多(はかた)（福岡市）、甘木(あまぎ)（朝倉(あさくら)市）、植木(うえき)（直方(のおがた)市）に生蝋(きろう)会所を設けている。とくに幕末になると対外危機が深刻になったこともあって、西南雄藩を中心に軍事力の強化が図られ、各種の藩営工場が設立された。鹿児島藩では、藩主島津斉彬(なりあきら)が中心になって藩政の改革が開始され、その一環として城内に反射炉の建設をはじめとして溶鉱炉や硝子(ガラス)、陶磁器、農具、地雷(じらい)、瓦斯(ガス)灯などの各種製造所がつくられている。これらの場所はのち集成館とよばれ、規模をさらに拡張し、1日に1200人を超す人足や職工が働いていたという。また慶応(けいおう)年間（1865～68）には、洋式紡績工場や造船所も設立され、ここでも多くの人々が働いていた。佐賀藩ではすでに陶磁器生産のため藩営窯場が設けられていたが、幕末には反射炉をはじめとして造船、鋳砲(ちゅうほう)を目的とした藩営工場が建設されている。高知藩でも幕末には開成館が設立され、その内部は軍艦局をはじめ貨殖、捕鯨、勧業、税課、鉱山、火薬、鋳造、鋳銭局などに分かれ、ここでも軍事・経済力の強化が図られている。明治維新後、新政府に引き継がれるなどして近代工場創出の基盤ともなった。

［吉永　昭］

『土屋喬雄著『封建社会崩壊過程の研究』（1927・弘文堂書房）』

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