Birmingham - Birmingham

Japanese: バーミンガム - ばーみんがむ(英語表記)Birmingham
Birmingham - Birmingham

Birmingham is an industrial city in the West Midlands metropolitan county in central England. It has a population of 977,091 (2001). It is the second largest city in the UK after the capital, London. It is also the central city of the Midlands, and forms a continuous industrial cluster called the Black Country between it and the industrial city of Wolverhampton in the northwest. The driving force behind its development was the fact that the Midlands (especially the Black Country), blessed with coal and iron ore during the Industrial Revolution, grew into one of the UK's leading steel and metal manufacturing regions. It was in Birmingham in 1762 that James Watt, with the help of Matthew Boulton, succeeded in building the first steam engine.

Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to an increase in slums and a deterioration of the environment, but the situation improved dramatically after World War II. During the war, the city was destroyed by German bombings because it housed weapons industries, but after the war, the damaged areas were redeveloped one after another, and most of the old, dirty city areas were cleared away. Today, the city center is made up of a business district where the offices of major companies are located, a central shopping district and wholesale market that covers the entire Midlands region as a commercial and service area, theaters, art museums, libraries, universities, and other facilities, along with government offices. Factory areas spread out in areas slightly away from the city center, and although the steel industry has declined, there are factories for automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, electrical machinery, glass, metals, and food. There are the Science and Industry Museum, which is rich in materials tracing the city's industrial development, the Central Museum and Art Museum, which houses excellent paintings, and St. Philip's Church, built in the 18th century.

[Takeshi Kubota]

history

Birmingham was a market city that had taken shape early on, but its expansion stagnated from the Middle Ages to the early modern period. However, from the late 18th century onwards, it made a great leap forward as one of the centres of the British Industrial Revolution, with the iron, metal and machine industries at its centre. The rapid increase in population from 15,000 at the end of the 17th century to 70,000 at the end of the 18th century and to 520,000 at the beginning of the 20th century is a good indication of the city's expansion. The driving force behind industrialisation from the 18th century was intellectuals, mainly non-conformists, such as James Watt, Matthew Boulton and Joseph Priestley, who formed the Lunar Society. The Birmingham Canal, opened in 1772, made it possible to transport the raw materials and products needed for industrial production in large quantities, and in the 19th century, railways were also built early on, greatly contributing to the increase in productivity.

The rapid expansion of the city meant that the expansion of political rights was slow, and it was not until the First Electoral Amendment in 1832 that Birmingham gained the right to elect members to the House of Commons. However, the city had many politically conscious citizens, and two of Britain's most prominent politicians of the 19th century, John Bright and Joseph Chamberlain, used Birmingham as a base for their political activities. Chamberlain served as mayor from 1873 to 1876, and contributed to the transformation of the city into a modern one, including clearing out slums. Even after the start of the 20th century, Birmingham was a pioneer in experimental urban planning and the introduction of one-way streets. Although it suffered considerable damage from air raids during World War II, it recovered smoothly after the war.

[Yoichi Kibata]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イギリス、イングランド中部、ウエスト・ミッドランズ大都市県の工業都市。人口97万7091(2001)。首都ロンドンに次ぐイギリス第二の大都市。ミッドランズ地方The Midlandsの中心都市でもあり、北西の工業都市ウルバーハンプトンとの間にブラック・カントリー(黒郷)とよばれる一続きの工業集積地域を形成している。発展の原動力は、産業革命期に石炭と鉄鉱石に恵まれたミッドランズ地方(とくにブラック・カントリー)がイギリス有数の製鉄・金属工業地帯として成長したためである。ジェームズ・ワットがマシュー・ボールトンの協力により最初の蒸気機関の製作に成功したのは、1762年バーミンガムにおいてであった。

 急速な工業化、都市化に伴ってスラム街が増加し環境悪化が進行したが、事態が劇的に改善されたのは第二次世界大戦後である。すなわち、大戦中、兵器産業があったためドイツ軍の爆撃で破壊されたが、戦後、被害地区を次々に再開発し、古く汚い市街地の大半が一掃された。今日、大企業の事務所が集まるビジネス街、ミッドランズ地方全体を商圏・サービス圏とする中心商店街や卸売市場、劇場、美術館、図書館、大学などが諸官庁とともに都心部を形成する。都心からやや離れた地区に工場地帯が広がり、鉄鋼業は衰えたが、自動車、オートバイ、自転車、電気機械、ガラス、金属、食品などの諸工場が立地する。市の工業発展の跡をたどる資料に富む科学・工業博物館、優れた絵画を収めるセントラル博物・美術館、18世紀建造の聖フィリップ教会などがある。

[久保田武]

歴史

バーミンガムは、市場を有した都市として早くから形を整えていたが、中世から近代初頭にかけては拡大が停滞していた。ところが18世紀後半以降、製鉄・金属・機械工業を主軸に、イギリス産業革命の中心地の一つとして飛躍的な発展を遂げていった。17世紀末に1万5000であった人口が、18世紀末には7万に、20世紀初頭には52万へと急増したことに、その拡大ぶりがよく示されている。18世紀からの工業化を推進したのは、グループ「月の会」Lunar Societyをつくっていたジェームズ・ワット、マシュー・ボールトン、ジョゼフ・プリーストリーなどをはじめとする非国教徒を中心とした知識人たちであった。工業生産に必要な原料や製品の大量輸送は、1772年に開通したバーミンガム運河によって可能となり、さらに19世紀に入ると鉄道もいち早く敷設されて生産力の増大に大きく寄与した。

 都市としての急速な拡大の陰で、政治的権利の伸長は遅れ、下院への議員選出権獲得は1832年の第一次選挙法改正を待たなければならなかったが、政治的意識の高い市民は多く、19世紀のイギリスを代表する政治家であるジョン・ブライトやジョゼフ・チェンバレンも、バーミンガムを基盤として政治活動を行った。チェンバレンは1873~76年に市長となり、スラムを一掃するなど近代的都市への改造に貢献した。20世紀に入ってからも、都市計画や一方通行道路の導入など、他の都市に先駆けて実験的試みが行われた。第二次世界大戦で空襲によりかなりの被害を被ったものの、戦後は順調な復興を遂げた。

[木畑洋一]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Birmingham Canal Navigations

>>:  Hamilton's principle

Recommend

Converted Jews - Kaishu Yudayajin

…Against the backdrop of the people's hostili...

Bororo - Bororo (English spelling)

An indigenous tribe in the state of Mato Grosso in...

Student mobilization

During the Pacific War, students and pupils were ...

Borderline schizophrenia

These are cases that are positioned on the border ...

Civic drama (English: drame bourgeois) (French)

A genre of theater that was popular mainly in Fra...

Complete annealing - Complete annealing

…Originally, it meant that steel that had been ha...

normative effect

The effect of the standards of a labor agreement r...

Figueroa, G.

… [Mexican Movie] In 1931, a group of Soviet film...

Hail (design) - Hail

…Also called cobblestones or hail, it is the simp...

Maluku [Islands] - Maluku

A group of islands scattered between Sulawesi and ...

Cylinder - Enchu

Given a plane α, a circle c on it, and a line l t...

al-Tha`ālibī, Abū Manṣūr `Abd al-Malik

[Born] 961. Nishapur [Died] 1038. Nishapur, a man ...

Umm Dabbaghiya Culture

…Hills I, II and V were excavated. Hill I is the ...

Hideyasu Yuki

Year of death: June 2, 1607 (12th year of Keicho, ...