Hadith - Hadith (English spelling)

Japanese: ハディース - はでぃーす(英語表記)adīth
Hadith - Hadith (English spelling)

Generally it means "story" or "report", but in Islamic terms it refers to a record or collection of records of the words and deeds of the Prophet Muhammad (Mohammed), and is translated as "tradition". The words and deeds of the Prophet themselves are called Sunnah (the example of the Prophet), but Hadith has a certain format as an official record of Sunnah, and consists of "Isnad (the lineage of the transmitter)" and "Ma'ton ​​(the main text)", with Sunnah forming the main text. Even after the death of the Prophet, for the generation that knew the Prophet directly, Sunnah was passed down orally without the need to take the form of Hadith, and it was thought to exist in an unverbalized form within the practices of the early Islamic community. Many of the early Hadith (up to the end of the 7th century) that gradually developed from there did not have Isnad.

As time passed from the time of the Prophet, the creation of false traditions, including the legend of the Prophet, began, and the importance of the Sunnah increased in the process of systematizing jurisprudence. As a result, inconsistencies in the Sunnah based on local practices became an issue, and various other factors combined to create a need for accurate recording of the correct Sunnah. For this reason, the collection of hadith accompanied by isnad became popular from around the 8th century. Under these circumstances, Shafi'i (767-820) did not recognize any Sunnah other than the official hadith as Sunnah, and decided in legal theory to integrate hadith and Sunnah. By the end of the 9th century, a huge number of traditions had been collected and many collections of traditions had been compiled, but the following "Six Collections of Traditions" are considered to be authoritative for the Sunni sect. These are the two Sahihs by Bukhari (810-870) and Muslim (817/821-875) respectively, and the four Sunans by Abu Dawud (817-888), At-Tirmidhi (824-892), Ibn Majah (824-887), and Nasa'i (830-915).

Hadith studies are the study of the discrimination and criticism of the authenticity of collected traditions. The standard of discrimination is not the content of the text, but the isnad, and each tradition is classified into one of three grades: "true (saheeh)," "good (hasan)," or "bad (da'if)," based on the quality of the transmitters in the lineage and the possibility of direct transmission.

[Yoshiko Oda]

[Reference] | Sunnah

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般には「物語」「報告」を意味するが、イスラム用語としては預言者ムハンマド(マホメット)の言行の記録、あるいは記録集をさし、「伝承」と訳される。預言者の言行それ自体はスンナ(預言者の範例)とよばれるが、ハディースはスンナの正式な記録として一定の形式をもつもので、「イスナード(伝承者の系譜)」と「マトン(本文)」からなり、スンナが本文をなす。預言者の没後も、預言者を直接に知る世代にとっては、スンナはハディースという形式をとる必要もなく口伝され、また初期イスラム共同体の慣行のうちに言語化されない形で存在していると考えられていた。そこからしだいに発展した初期(7世紀末まで)のハディースにはイスナードをもたないものも多い。

 預言者の時代から隔たると、預言者の伝説化を含む伝承の偽作を生み、また法学の体系化の過程でスンナの重要性が増し、それにつれて各地方ごとの慣行に基づくスンナの不一致が問題となり、さらに諸事情が重なって、正しいスンナの正確な記録の必要が要請された。そのため、イスナードを伴うハディースの収集が8世紀ころから盛んになる。このような状況下で、正式なハディース以外のスンナをスンナと認めず、ハディースとスンナの一体化を法理論上で決定したのがシャーフィイー(767―820)である。9世紀末ごろまでに膨大な数の伝承が収集され、多くの伝承集が編まれたが、スンニー派にとり権威があるとされるのは次の「六伝承集」である。すなわち、ブハーリー(810―870)とムスリム(817/821―875)おのおのによる二つの『サヒーフ集』と、アブー・ダーウード(817―888)、アッ・ティルミーディー(824―892)、イブン・マージャ(824―887)、ナサーイー(830―915)おのおのによる四つの『スナンの書』である。

 ハディース学は収集された伝承の真偽の判別批判の学である。判別基準は本文の内容ではなく、イスナードに求められ、その系譜にある伝承者の資質と直接的伝達の可能性からみて、各伝承は「真(サヒーフ)」「良(ハサン)」「不良(ダイーフ)」の3等級のいずれかに分類される。

[小田淑子]

[参照項目] | スンナ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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