Parsons, Talcott

Japanese: パーソンズ（英語表記）Parsons， Talcott

Born December 13, 1902 in Colorado Springs, Colorado
[Died] May 8, 1979, Munich American sociologist. Studied biology and economics at Amherst College, and studied in Europe after graduating in 1924. After attending the London School of Economics, he devoted himself to the study of M. Weber and W. Sombart at the University of Heidelberg. After returning to Japan in 1927, he became a lecturer in economics at Harvard University, and in 1931 he became a lecturer in sociology, and was an associate professor in 1936, and a professor from 1944 to 1973. The core of his early theory was called the "general theory of action," and in his later years, he developed a "structural-functional analysis" of social systems based on this general theory, which influenced many sociologists. In particular, he used the analytical scheme called the AGIL scheme, which formulates the functional requirements for the survival of a system, as an application of the structural-functional analysis of social systems, in analyses of family, economy, society, universities, etc., and many sociologists also like to apply this scheme. Parsons is also known as a theorist, and is the English translator of Weber and others. His major works include The Structure of Social Action (1937), The Social System (51), Working Papers in the Theory of Action (53, co-authored with RF Bales and EA Shils), Family, Socialization and Interaction Process (54, co-authored with Bales et al.), Economy and Society (56, co-authored with NJ Smelser), Social Structure and Personality (64), and The American University (71).

Parsons
Parsons, Sir Charles Algernon

Born: June 13, 1854, London
[Died] February 11, 1931. Kingston, Jamaica. British engineer. Son of astronomer W. Parsons. Graduated from Cambridge University. Joined Armstrong Works in Elswick (1877) and invented the Parsons turbine (axial reaction steam turbine) in 1884. He obtained a patent and partnered with Clark Chapman & Co., but in 1889 separated from the company and became independent, establishing a factory in Heaton, Newcastle, and began manufacturing steam turbines, generators, and other electrical equipment. In 1891, he completed a turbine with a condenser. In 1997, the world's first steam turbine ship, the Turbinia, achieved a high speed of 34.5 knots during its trial run, establishing the turbine as a marine engine. In 1998, he was made a member of the Royal Society, and in 1902, he was awarded the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society. He was president of the Institution of Marine Engineers (1905-06) and the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1919-20). He was knighted in 2011 and awarded the Order of Merit in 2017.

Parsons
Parsons, Robert

Born June 24, 1546, Netherstowey, England
Died April 15, 1610. Rome, Italy. Jesuit missionary in England. Also known as Robert Persons. Dismissed from Oxford University in 1575, he went to Rome and became a Jesuit. In 1580, he secretly returned to England with Edmund Campion and engaged in missionary work. The following year, in 1581, Campion was arrested, and he fled to the continent, and from 1588 he lived in Spain for nine years. During that time, he established seminaries for English Catholics in various places, encouraged King Philip II of Spain to invade England again, and was involved in numerous plots against Elizabeth I.

Parsons
Parsons

A town in southeastern Kansas, United States. Founded in 1870. Developed as a railroad junction connecting Missouri, Kansas, and Texas. During World War I, the population reached 18,000, but declined after that. Currently, it is a distribution center for grain and livestock. Population 11,924 (1990).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1902.12.13. コロラド，コロラドスプリングズ
[没]1979.5.8. ミュンヘン
アメリカの社会学者。アマースト・カレッジで生物学，経済学を学び，1924年卒業後ヨーロッパに留学。ロンドン・スクール・オブ・エコノミクスを経て，ハイデルベルク大学で M.ウェーバー，W.ゾンバルトの研究に専念。 27年帰国後ハーバード大学経済学講師，31年社会学講師に転じ，36年助教授，44～73年教授。前期の学説の中心は「行為の一般理論」と呼ばれ，後期にはこの一般理論を基礎として，社会体系の「構造・機能的分析」を展開し，多くの社会学者に影響を与えた。特にAGIL図式と呼ばれるシステム存続の機能的要件を定式化した分析図式は，社会体系を構造・機能的分析のために適用されたものとして，彼自身も家族，経済，社会，大学などの分析に用いたし，また多くの社会学者も好んでこの図式を応用している。パーソンズは学説研究者としても知られ，ウェーバーなどの英訳者である。主著『社会的行為の構造』 The Structure of Social Action (1937) ，『社会体系』 The Social System (51) ，『行為理論作業論文集』 Working Papers in the Theory of Action (53，R. F.ベールズ，E. A.シルズと共著) ，『核家族とこどもの社会化』 Family，Socialization and Interaction Process (54，ベールズらと共著) ，『経済と社会』 Economy and Society (56，N. J.スメルサーと共著) ，『社会構造とパーソナリティ』 Social Structure and Personality (64) ，『アメリカの大学』 The American University (71) 。

パーソンズ
Parsons， Sir Charles Algernon

[生]1854.6.13. ロンドン
[没]1931.2.11. ジャマイカ，キングストン
イギリスの技術者。天文学者 W.パーソンズの子。ケンブリッジ大学を卒業。エルスウィックのアームストロング製作所に入り (1877) ，1884年パーソンズ・タービン (軸流反動蒸気タービン) を発明。特許を取って，クラーク・チャップマン会社と提携したが，89年同社と分れて独立，ニューカッスルのヒートンに工場を建設して，蒸気タービン，発電機その他の電気機器の製作を始めた。 91年復水器つきタービンを完成。 97年世界最初の蒸気タービン船『タービニア』号の試運転で，34.5ノットの高速を出し，舶用機関としてのタービンの地位を確立した。 98年ロイヤル・ソサエティ会員，1902年同協会ランフォード・メダル受賞。海洋技術者協会会長 (1905～06) ，イギリス科学振興協会会長 (19～20) 。 11年ナイトの称号を，27年メリット勲章を与えられた。

パーソンズ
Parsons, Robert

[生]1546.6.24. イギリス，ネザーストウィー
[没]1610.4.15. イタリア，ローマ
イギリスのイエズス会宣教師。Robert Personsとも記す。1575年オックスフォード大学を免職になり，ローマに赴いてイエズス会士になる。1580年エドマンド・キャンピオンとともにひそかに帰国し，布教に従事。翌 1581年キャンピオンが逮捕されたため大陸に逃れ，1588年から 9年間スペインに在住。その間イギリス人旧教徒のための神学校を各地に建てるとともに，スペイン王フェリペ2世に再度のイギリス侵寇をすすめ，エリザベス1世に対するたびたびの陰謀に関与した。