Herschel, Sir John Frederick William

Japanese: ハーシェル（英語表記）Herschel, Sir John Frederick William

Born: March 7, 1792, Slough
[Died] May 11, 1871. Collingwood. British astronomer and chemist. Following in his father's footsteps, he made great achievements in observing celestial bodies and discovering nebulae. In 1813, he was a member of the Royal Society. While studying at St. John's College, Cambridge, he was active in the field of mathematics, including differential and integral calculus, and worked with his colleagues to introduce excellent French analysis. After graduating, he aimed to become a lawyer, but in 1816 he switched to astronomy, and used a reflecting telescope he built himself to re-observe the double stars and nebulae discovered by his father, discovering many more stars. He was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1821 and 1833. In 1825, he was awarded the Lalande Prize by France. In 1826 and 1833, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1833 he engaged in research on the southern sky in Cape Town, South Africa, and in 1838 he returned to the UK and was created a baron. He was also an accomplished chemist, and made great contributions to research into photographic fixatives and photographic paper. In his later years he compiled a catalogue of the constellations and translated the Iliad. He played important roles in many academic societies in the fields of chemistry and astronomy, and made great efforts to promote science in Britain at the time. He served as Director of the Mint from 1850 to 1855. His main work is Preliminary Discourse on The Study of Natural Philosophy (1830).

Herschel
Herschel, Sir William (Frederic)

Born November 15, 1738 in Hanover, Hanover
[Died] August 25, 1822. British astronomer born in Slough, Germany. Baptized Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel. Raised in a family of musicians, he fled to England when the French army occupied Hanover in 1757, and became known as an organist. He began studying astronomy in his spare time, and in 1774 he built a large-aperture reflecting telescope and began systematic surveys of the sky. He continued his research into the rotation of planets and the distances between stars, and discovered Uranus in 1781. In the same year, he received the Copley Medal from the Royal Society and became a member. In 1782, he became the King's personal astronomer. He was the first president of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1789, using a larger telescope in collaboration with his sister, Caroline L. Herschel, he discovered the sixth and seventh moons of Saturn, and developed the theory of their mutual rotation and the observation of double stars, as well as the structure of the Milky Way and other nebulae, contributing to the formation of a new concept of the structure of the universe. He is particularly famous for being the first to show, by counting the number of stars, that the Milky Way is a disk-shaped system (Herschel's Galaxy) that spreads out in the direction of the Milky Way.

Herschel
Herschel, Caroline Lucretia

Born: March 16, 1750, Hanover
Died January 9, 1848. Born in Hanover, Germany. Sister of William Herschel. She assisted her brother in astronomical observations, and while helping him with calculations for his observations, she discovered a nebula in 1783 with a small telescope, and eight comets between 1786 and 1797. After her brother's death, she returned to Hanover, and in 1828 completed a catalogue of 2,500 nebulae and star clusters discovered by William. For her achievements, she received a gold medal from the Royal Astronomical Society.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1792.3.7. スラウ
[没]1871.5.11. コリングウッド
イギリスの天文学者，化学者。父ウィリアム・ハーシェルの跡を継いで天体の観測と星雲の発見に業績を上げた。1813年ロイヤル・ソサエティ会員。ケンブリッジのセント・ジョンズ・カレッジ在学中は微分積分学など数学の分野で活躍し，同僚とともにフランス流の優れた解析学の導入に尽力した。卒業後一時弁護士を志したが，1816年以降天文学に転向，自作の反射望遠鏡で父の発見による二重星（→重星）や星雲の再観測を行ない，さらに多くの星を発見した。1821年と 1833年にロイヤル・ソサエティのコプリー・メダル受賞。1825年フランスからラランデ賞を贈られた。1826年および 1833年イギリス王立天文協会金メダル受賞。1833年南アフリカのケープタウンで南天の研究に従事，1838年帰国，男爵に叙された。化学者としても優れ，写真の定着液，感光紙の研究などにも業績を上げた。晩年は星座目録の作成や『イリアス』の翻訳を行なった。化学・天文学分野の多くの学会で重要な役割を演じ，当時のイギリスの科学振興にも尽力した。1850～55年は造幣局局長の地位にあった。主著『自然哲学研究序説』Preliminary Discourse on The Study of Natural Philosophy（1830）。

ハーシェル
Herschel, Sir William (Frederic)

[生]1738.11.15. ハノーバー，ハノーバー
[没]1822.8.25. イギリス，スラウ
ドイツ生まれのイギリスの天文学者。洗礼名 Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel。音楽家の家庭に育ち，1757年のフランス軍のハノーバー占領でイギリスに逃れ，オルガン奏者として知られた。余暇に天文学を研究し始め，1774年大口径の反射望遠鏡を自作，系統的な掃天観測にとりかかった。惑星の自転，恒星間の距離に関する研究を進め，1781年に天王星を発見。同年ロイヤル・ソサエティからコプリー・メダルを受け，会員となる。1782年，国王の個人的な天文官となる。王立天文協会初代会長。妹キャロライン・L.ハーシェルとの協同のもとにさらに大口径の望遠鏡を用いて，1789年土星の第6，第7衛星を発見，二重星（→重星）の観測およびその相互回転の理論，銀河系の構造をはじめとする星雲の研究，観測を発展させ，新しい宇宙構造概念の形成に寄与した。恒星の計数から，銀河系が天の川の方向に広がった円盤形（ハーシェルの銀河系）であることを初めて明らかにしたことは特に有名。

ハーシェル
Herschel, Caroline Lucretia

[生]1750.3.16. ハノーバー
[没]1848.1.9. ハノーバー
ドイツ生まれのイギリスの女性天文学者。ウィリアム・ハーシェルの妹。兄を助けて天体観測に従事し，兄の観測の計算を手伝いながら，小型の望遠鏡で 1783年に星雲を発見，1786～97年に 8個の彗星を発見した。兄の死後ハノーバーに帰り，1828年にウィリアムの発見になる 2500個の星雲と星団の目録を完成した。その功績により，イギリス王立天文協会から金メダルを受けた。

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