A fossil is a record of the life of various ancient organisms preserved inside or on the surface of a stratum. It is also called a living fossil or trace fossil. Traces include records of various movements of benthic organisms on the surface of the bottom sediment, burrowing marks and habitats in the bottom sediment, as well as footprints and dwellings of terrestrial animals. Other known fossils include coprolites, which preserve the excrement of mollusks, fish, and mammals, gastroliths, which aid digestion in the stomachs of reptiles, and fossils of eggs of various animals. What are believed to be dinosaur nests filled with rows of eggs have been discovered in America, China, and Mongolia. Austrian paleontologist Abel summarized the types of trace fossils and their research methods and significance in his book "Traces of Past Life" ( Vorzeitliche Lebensspüren , 1935). Among them are fossils of pathological and deformed forms of paleontology, as well as those showing symbiotic and parasitic relationships. This type of research, which also includes living species, is called ichnology, while the study of excrement and footprints is called coprology and pedalogy, respectively, and serves as information for wildlife conservation and hunters' animal exploration. Trace fossils are useful for reconstructing the ecology and lifestyles of ancient organisms, as they are found in the places where they lived. They are also valuable materials for considering the origin of invertebrates, as they have been discovered in strata older than 1 billion years ago. The study of trace fossils is called palaeoichnology, and is an important branch of paleontology. Trace fossils are often not accompanied by the fossils of the body of the organism that left the trace, and false fossils are often mistaken for trace fossils, so careful consideration, such as comparing them with present-day traces, is required to determine whether they are trace fossils or not. [Masae Omori] "Trace Fossils: The Biology of Traces and the Origin of Fossils" by Richard G. Bromley, supervised by Masae Omori (1993, Tokai University Press) " "The World of Trace Fossils: Exploring the Behavior of Paleontological Organisms" by Yoshio Fukuda (2000, Kawashima Shoten) [Reference items] | | | | |Size: Approx. 15 x 23 cm. Produced in Utah, USA. Photo courtesy of the Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (GSJ F11414) . Dinosaur coprolites The smallest are about 4cm, the largest are about 9cm. Produced in Oklahoma, USA. Photo courtesy of the Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (GSJ F12932) . Plesiosaur gastrolith Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
古生物の各種の生活記録が地層の内部や表面に保存されている化石。生活化石、痕跡化石ともいう。生痕には、底生生物の底質表面におけるさまざまな移動の記録や、底質内部に掘り進んだ穿孔跡(せんこうあと)や生息(住居)跡のほか、陸上動物の足跡、住居跡などがある。そのほか、軟体動物や魚類、哺乳(ほにゅう)類などの排泄(はいせつ)物が保存された糞石(ふんせき)coproliteや、爬虫(はちゅう)類の胃の中にあって消化の補助となった胃石(いせき)gastrolith、および各種の動物の卵の化石も知られている。アメリカや中国およびモンゴルからは卵の並んだ恐竜の巣と思われるものが発見されている。 オーストリアの古生物学者アーベルは『過去の生物の痕跡』Vorzeitliche Lebensspüren(1935)のなかで、生痕化石の種類や研究の方法と意義をまとめている。そのなかには、古生物の病型や奇形の化石、共生・寄生関係を示すものも含まれている。現生種も対象に含めたこの種の研究を生痕学ichnology、排泄物や足跡の研究をそれぞれ糞形学coprology、足痕学pedalogyとよび、野生動物の保護や狩猟者の動物探索の情報資料となっている。 生痕化石は古生物が生活した場所に残されているため、古生物の生態や生活の復元に役立つ。また10億年前よりも古い地層から発見されているため、無脊椎動物の起源を考えるための貴重な資料ともなっている。生痕化石の研究は古生痕学palaeoichnology(化石生痕学)とよばれ、古生物学の重要な研究部門となっている。ふつう生痕化石には、生痕を残した生物の体の化石が伴わないことが多く、偽化石を生痕化石と見誤ることが多く、その判定には現在の生痕と比較するなどの慎重な検討が望まれている。 [大森昌衛] 『リチャード・G・ブロムリー著、大森昌衛監訳『生痕化石――生痕の生物学と化石の成因』(1993・東海大学出版会)』▽『福田芳生著『生痕化石の世界――古生物の行動を探る』(2000・川島書店)』 [参照項目] | | | | |大きさ約15×23cm アメリカ ユタ州産写真提供/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F11414)"> 恐竜の糞石 小さいものは約4cm、大きいものは約9cm アメリカ オクラホマ州産写真提供/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F12932)"> 首長竜の胃石 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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