Lewis W. Hine

Japanese: ハイン - はいん(英語表記)Lewis W. Hine
Lewis W. Hine

American photographer. Born in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. After graduating from high school, he took up various jobs to support his family after the death of his father. He worked hard to earn a teaching qualification, and in 1901 taught geography at the Ethical Culture School in New York. The school was one of the bases for social reformists who aimed to improve the lives of poor workers, and Hine gradually became interested in social issues, and began to focus on the recording and communication functions of photography as a powerful means of making their ideas known to a wide audience.

In 1904, Hine began a series of documentary photographs on the immigrant detention center on Ellis Island, off the coast of Manhattan. This series, which captured poor immigrants who had just arrived in the New World from various parts of Europe with a straight-forward camera, was published in magazines and highly praised, and he realized that photography was his true calling. In 1908, Hine left school to become a full-time photographer for the National Child Labor Commission, and began traveling around the United States to photograph the reality of child labor. At the time, there were said to be more than 2 million workers under the age of 16 in the United States, and the miserable living conditions of these people, recorded in Hine's photographs, caused a great stir and later led to the passage of child labor laws.

After retiring from the Child Labor Committee in 1918, Hine began working for the European Red Cross, documenting refugees, wounded soldiers, and conditions in hospitals and camps after World War I. Here too, Hine's talent was fully demonstrated, and he left behind valuable footage of people risking their lives to survive in the chaos of the post-war period.

From the 1920s onwards, he took a broader perspective and energetically attempted to photograph the lives of American workers from various angles. Published in 1932 and the only photobook published during Hine's lifetime, Men at Work depicts the dignified figures of men who took pride in their handicrafts, which were gradually being pushed aside with the development of mechanized mass production systems. In particular, his images of workers on the construction site of the Empire State Building, which was completed in 1931, exude a brilliance that could be called mythical.

In the late 1930s, the style of snapshot photography using small cameras became common, and Hine's classic documentary method of holding a large-format camera in front of the subject gradually became considered outdated. However, as the decline of photojournalism became noticeable after the 1970s, the pioneering nature of Hine's photography, which treated his subjects with dignity and photographed them with respect, began to be reevaluated. His photographs and life continue to have a strong influence on many photographers today, with Working Men being republished in 1977 after his death and a new volume, Women at Work (1981), being compiled.

[Izawa Kotaro]

Men at Work; Photographic Studies of Modern Men and Machines (1932, Second Edition, 1977, Dover, New York) Women at Work; 153 Photographs (1981, Dover, New York) The Age of Photographers 2: Recording Cities and Times, edited by Oshima Hiroshi (1994, Yosensha) Photographers, by Iizawa Kotaro (1996, Sakuhinsha) Storytellers of Photography, by Sawamoto Tokumi (2001, Pelicansha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカの写真家。ウィスコンシン州オシュコシュ生まれ。高校卒業後、父親の死去により一家を支えるためさまざまな職業についた。苦学して教師の資格をとり、1901年からニューヨークのエシカル・カルチャー・スクールで地理の授業を担当する。貧しい労働者の生活改善をめざしていた社会改良主義者の拠点の一つであったこの学校で、ハインも次第に社会問題への関心を深め、彼らの主張を広く訴えるための有力な手段として、写真の記録、伝達の機能に注目するようになった。

 ハインは、04年からマンハッタン島の沖合いに浮かぶエリス島の移民収容所をテーマに、ドキュメンタリー写真のシリーズを制作し始めた。ヨーロッパ各地から新大陸に到着したばかりの貧しい移民たちの姿を、カメラを正面に据えてストレートに写しとったこのシリーズが雑誌等に発表されて高く評価されたことにより、彼は写真家こそが天職であることを悟る。08年に学校を辞したハインは、国家児童労働委員会の専属写真家となり、全米を飛び回って、児童労働の実態を撮影し始めた。当時アメリカの16歳以下の労働人口は200万人以上といわれ、ハインの写真に記録された彼らの悲惨な生活状況は大きな反響を呼び、のちに児童労働法が成立するきっかけとなった。

 18年に児童労働委員会を退職したハインは、ヨーロッパの赤十字のもとで第一次世界大戦後の難民、傷病兵、病院やキャンプの状況を記録する仕事につく。ここでも、ハインの才能は充分に発揮され、戦後の混乱を体を張って生き抜こうとしている人々の貴重な映像が残されている。

 1920年代以降は、より広い視点から、アメリカの労働者の生活をさまざまな角度から精力的に撮影しようとした。32年に出版され、ハインの生前における唯一の写真集となった『働く男たち』Men at Workには、機械による大量生産システムの発達で、次第に片隅に追いやられようとしていた手仕事に誇りを持って働いている男たちの堂々とした姿が、描き出されている。とりわけ、31年に完成するエンパイア・ステート・ビルディングの工事現場で働く労働者たちのイメージは、神話的といってよいほどの輝きを発している。

 30年代後半になると小型カメラによるスナップ的な撮影のスタイルが一般化し、ハインの大判カメラを被写体の正面で構える古典的なドキュメンタリーの方法は次第に時代遅れとみなされるようになる。しかし、1970年代以降にフォト・ジャーナリズムの退潮が目立ちはじめると、被写体を尊厳を持って受けとめ、敬意を払いつつ撮影していくハインの写真の先駆性が再評価されるようになった。没後の77年に『働く男たち』が再刊され、また新たに『働く女たち』Women at Work(1981)も編まれるなど、今でも彼の写真とその生涯は多くの写真家たちに強い影響を与え続けている。

[飯沢耕太郎]

『Men at Work; Photographic Studies of Modern Men and Machines (1932, Second Edition, 1977, Dover, New York)』『Women at Work; 153 Photographs (1981, Dover, New York)』『大島洋編『写真家の時代2 記録される都市と時代』(1994・洋泉社)』『飯沢耕太郎著『フォトグラファーズ』(1996・作品社)』『澤本徳美著『写真の語り部たち』(2001・ぺりかん社)』

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