Oshida - Japanese male fern

Japanese: オシダ - おしだ(英語表記)Japanese male fern
Oshida - Japanese male fern

A summer-green fern of the Dryopteris family. It is also called menma (cotton horse). The rhizome is thick and upright, and produces a cup-shaped bundle of large, yellow-green, bipinnate compound leaves that reach 150 cm in length. Shiny light brown scales grow densely on the petiole and rachis. The pinnae are linear with pointed tips, and the lobes are oblong with slightly rounded tips. Groups of reniform, enveloped sporangia are lined on both sides of the midvein of the lobes.

It grows in temperate mountainous areas and under forests in Asia, and in Japan it is distributed in the deciduous forests of Hokkaido, Honshu, and Shikoku, and is one of the typical ferns in the beech zone. Dryocosmus species have been used as anthelmintics by indigenous peoples around the world, including in Colombia in South America, North America, and South Africa, but the use of Dryocosmus nigra in Europe is particularly well-known, where the rhizomes were used to exterminate tapeworms. In Japan, the rhizomes of Dryocosmus nigra are also called menmakon (cotton horse root) and are used as a herbal medicine. The active ingredients are aspidinol, aspidin, and albaaspidin. A decoction of Dryocosmus nigra containing these substances has a respiratory center stimulant and uterine contraction effect. There are various theories about what guanzhong (guanzhong) is, as seen in ancient Chinese herbal medicine books such as "Shennong's Compendium," "Zhenghe's Compendium," and "Compendium of Materia Medica." The Qing Dynasty's "Shokubutsu Ming Jitsuko" (Principles of Plants and Plants), says it is Oniyabusodatu, while the Japanese "Compendium of Materia Medica Keimo" (Principles of Materia Medica), says it is Yamasodatu, but today, in northeastern China, the fern is called guanzhong. Both the English and Japanese names are derived from the majestic shape of the plant. The Ainu people also called it Kamui Sorma, or "God's Fern," and used a decoction of the fern dried in the shade to relieve stomach aches. "Kamui" also means bear, so it translates to "bear fern." It seems to be an association with the shape of the shoots covered in brown scales.

[Kurita Koro]

Main types of ferns (6) [specimen illustrations]
©Junzo Fujishima ">

Main types of ferns (6) [specimen illustrations]


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

オシダ科の夏緑性シダ。メンマ(綿馬)ともいう。根茎は太く直立しており、黄緑色で長さ150センチメートルに達する大形の2回羽状複葉を杯状に束生する。葉柄と羽軸上には明褐色のつやのある鱗片(りんぺん)が密生する。羽片は線形で先がとがり、裂片は長楕円(ちょうだえん)形で先端はやや丸い。円腎(えんじん)形の包膜をつけた胞子嚢(ほうしのう)群が裂片の中脈の両側に並ぶ。

 アジアの温帯の山地、林下に生じ、日本では北海道、本州、四国の落葉樹林内に分布し、ブナ帯の代表的なシダの一つである。オシダ類は南アメリカのコロンビア、北アメリカ、南アフリカなど世界各地の原地人により虫下しの薬として利用されてきたが、ヨーロッパにおけるセイヨウオシダの利用がとくに有名で、根茎を条虫(じょうちゅう)(サナダムシ)駆除に用いていた。日本でもオシダの根茎を綿馬根(めんまこん)とよび、生薬(しょうやく)としている。その有効成分はアスピジノール、アスピジン、アルバアスピジンなどである。これらの物質を含むオシダの煎剤(せんざい)には呼吸中枢興奮作用や子宮収縮作用がある。『神農本草』『政和本草』『本草綱目』などの中国の古代本草書にある貫衆(かんしゅう)が何であるかについては諸説があり、清(しん)代の『植物名実考』ではオニヤブソテツだとし、日本の『本草綱目啓蒙(けいもう)』はヤマソテツをこれにあてているが、今日、中国の東北地区ではオシダを貫衆とよんでいる。英名も和名も、このシダの雄大な草姿に由来するものである。またアイヌの人々はカムイ・ソルマ、つまり「神のシダ」と名づけ、陰干ししたものを腹痛止めに煎用した。「カムイ」とは熊(くま)のことでもあるので、訳せば「クマシダ」ということになる。褐色の鱗片に覆われた芽立ちの姿からの連想らしい。

[栗田子郎]

シダ植物のおもな種類(6)〔標本画〕
©藤島淳三">

シダ植物のおもな種類(6)〔標本画〕


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