Hyatt, John Wesley

Japanese: ハイアット(英語表記)Hyatt, John Wesley
Hyatt, John Wesley
Born November 28, 1837, at Starkey, New York
[Died] May 10, 1920. Short Hills, New Jersey. American inventor and businessman. He discovered the world's first method of manufacturing the synthetic resin celluloid. As a young man, he worked as a printer in Illinois and Albany, New York. In 1863, a billiard equipment manufacturer in New York offered a $10,000 reward for the invention of a material to replace ivory for billiard balls. Hyatt experimented with several compounds without success. However, he and his brother started a business to manufacture embossed checkers and dominoes using a compound of wood pulp and shellac (→lac) that had been used in the process. During further experiments, he discovered that a beautiful and practical plastic material could be made by kneading nitrocellulose, camphor, and alcohol and pressing them under heat. In 1870, he patented the name celluloid. In 1872, they moved the headquarters of Celluloid Manufacturing, which they founded, from Albany to Newark, New Jersey, and acquired numerous patents, building it into one of the world's leading celluloid manufacturers. In the 1880s, they patented a water purification method using coagulants and filters, and founded a company that handled water purification equipment (→ Water purification). They went on to invent many industrial machines, including roller bearings, sugar cane grinders, and sewing machines.

Hyatt
Hyatt, Alpheus

Born: April 5, 1838 in Washington, DC
Died January 15, 1902. Cambridge, Massachusetts. American paleontologist. Known for his research on fossil cephalopods. Studied at Harvard University (1858-62) under L. Agassiz. After serving as director of the Essex Laboratory (67), he became professor of zoology and paleontology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (70-88). President of the Boston Natural History Society (81-1902). Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, from 1886. In 1867, he founded the American Naturalist, the first academic journal of biology in the United States, and served as its editor-in-chief until 1871. He also played a central role in the founding of the Natural History Society, becoming its first president in 1883. He established the Marine Biological Laboratory in Annisquam, Massachusetts, which was later moved to Woods Hole, where many important research projects were born. As a paleontologist, he studied cephalopod fossils and contributed to elucidating their evolutionary history. He argued that acquired characteristics are inherited, and attempted to prove this through comparative studies of nautilus fossils. He is considered a neo-Lamarckist. His main work is Phylogeny of an Acquired Characteristic (1894).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1837.11.28. ニューヨーク,スターキー
[没]1920.5.10. ニュージャージー,ショートヒルズ
アメリカ合衆国の発明家,実業家。世界初の合成樹脂セルロイドの製造方法を発見した。青年時代は,イリノイ州およびニューヨーク州アルバニーで印刷工として働く。1863年にニューヨークのビリヤード用品製造会社が,象牙に代わるビリヤードの玉の素材を発明した者に 1万ドルの懸賞金を出すと発表した。ハイアットは何種類かの合成物で実験を行なったが成功しなかった。しかし,その過程で用いた木材パルプとシェラック(→ラック)の合成物を原料として,型押し加工したチェッカーやドミノの牌を製造する事業を兄弟とともに始めた。実験を続けるうち,ニトロセルロース,ショウノウ(カンファー),アルコールを混練し,加熱プレスすると美しく実用性のあるプラスチック素材ができることを発見した。1870年にセルロイドという名称で特許を取得。1872年には,2人で設立したセルロイド・マニュファクチュアリングの拠点をアルバニーからニュージャージー州ニューアークに移し,数々の特許を取得して世界屈指のセルロイド製造企業を築き上げた。1880年代には,凝固剤とフィルタを用いた浄水処理法の特許を取得し,浄水処理装置を扱う会社を設立(→浄水処理)。その後も,ころ軸受やサトウキビ粉砕機,縫製機など,多数の産業用機器を発明した。

ハイアット
Hyatt, Alpheus

[生]1838.4.5. ワシントンD.C.
[没]1902.1.15. マサチューセッツ,ケンブリッジ
アメリカの古生物学者。化石頭足類の研究で知られる。ハーバード大学に学び (1858~62) ,L.アガシーに師事。エセックス研究所所長 (67) を経て,マサチューセッツ工科大学の動物学および古生物学教授 (70~88) 。ボストン自然史学会会長 (81~1902) 。 1886年よりケンブリッジ比較動物学博物館館長。 67年にアメリカ合衆国における生物学の最初の学術雑誌『アメリカ博物学雑誌』 American Naturalistを創刊し,71年まで編集責任者であった。また博物学会の創設においても中心的な役割を果し,83年初代会長となる。マサチューセッツ州アニスクオムに海洋生物学研究所を設立するが,これはのちにウッズホールに移転され,そこから数々の重要な研究が生れることになる。古生物学者としては,頭足類の化石を研究してその進化史の解明に寄与した。彼は獲得形質が遺伝すると主張し,オウムガイの化石の比較研究によりその立証を試みた。ネオラマルキズムの一人と目される。主著『獲得形質の系統発生学』 Phylogeny of an Acquired Characteristic (1894) 。

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